Optical Waveguide Theory

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31325/01456922.pdf

An introduction to optical waveguides

Preface.Introduction.Chapter 1. Selected Topics in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation.1.1. Maxwell's Equations and the Fundamental Fields.1.2. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Sourceless Media.1.3. Power Transmission.1.4. Group Velocity.1.5. Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Plane Interfaces.1.6. Material Resonances and Their Effects on Wave Propagation.Problems.References.Chapter 2. Symmetric Dielectric Slab Waveguides.2.1. Ray Analysis of the Slab Waveguides.2.2. Field Analysis of the Slab Waveguides.2.3. Solutions of the Eigenvalue Equations.2.4. Power Transmission and Confinement.2.5. Leaky Waves.2.6. Radiation Modes.2.7. Wave Propagation in Curved Slab Waveguides.Problems.References.Chapter 3. Weakly-Guiding Fibers with Step Index Profiles.3.1. Rays and Fields in the Step Index Fiber.3.2. Field Analysis of the Weakly-Guiding Fiber.3.3. Eigenvalue Equation for LP Modes.3.4. LP Mode Characteristics.3.5. Single Mode Fiber Parameters.3.6. Derivation of the General Step Index Fiber Modes.Problems.References.Chapter 4. Loss Mechanisms in Silica Fiber.4.1. Basic Loss Effects in Transmission.4.2. Fabrication of Silica Fibers.4.3. Intrinsic Loss.4.4. Extrinsic Loss.4.5. Bending Loss.4.6. Source-to-Fiber Coupling.Problems.References.Chapter 5. Dispersion.5.1. Pulse Propagation in Media Possessing Quadratic Dispersion.5.2. Material Dispersion.5.3. Dispersion in Optical Fiber.5.4. Chromatic Dispersion Compensation.5.5. Polarization Dispersion.5.6. System Considerations and Dispersion Measurement.Problems.References.Chapter 6. Special Purpose Index Profiles.6.1. Multimode Graded Index Fiber.6.2. Special Index Profile Optimization.Problems.References.Chapter 7. Nonlinear Effects in Fibers I: Non-Resonant Processes.7.1. Nonlinear Optics Fundamentals.7.2. Nonlinear Phase Modulation on Pulses.7.3. The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation.7.4. Additional Non-Resonant Processes.Problems.References.Chapter 8. Nonlinear Effects in Fibers II: Resonant Processes and Amplification.8.1. Raman Scattering.8.2. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering.8.3. Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Amplifiers.Problems.References.Appendix A: Properties of Bessel Functions.Appendix B: Notation.Index.

Fundamentals of optical fibers

The optical buffer is a key component in all-optical information processing systems. Recently a number of schemes that use slow light propagation in various media and structures have been proposed as means toward implementation of all-optical buffers. We rigorously analyze the similarities and differences in approaches that use electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and coupled resonant structures (CRS). We introduce the figure of merit, finesse, that is common to both approaches and obtain fundamental limitations on bit rates and storage capacities of optical buffers. We show that at very low bit rates and storage capacities EIT outperforms CRS, but at rates of 10 Mbits/s and above the EIT medium becomes quite inefficient, and the situation is reversed. Two types of CRS based on high-index-contrast fiber gratings and high-index semiconductor-air photonic crystals and (or) microring resonators are found to hold promise for applications in the 1-1000-Gbits/s range, but only if the losses can be drastically reduced.

Optical buffers based on slow light in electromagnetically induced transparent media and coupled resonator structures: comparative analysis

R EIEW A R TCLE Abstract As an emerging topic, photonic-assisted microwave measurements with distinct features such as wide frequency coverage, large instantaneous bandwidth, low frequencydependent loss, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, have been extensively studied recently. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in photonic microwave measurements, including microwave spectrum analysis, instantaneous frequency measurement, microwave channelization, Doppler frequency-shift measurement, angle-of-arrival detection, time–frequency analysis, compressive sensing, and phase-noise measurement. A photonic microwave radar, as a functional measurement system, is also reviewed. The performance of the photonic measurement solutions is evaluated and compared with the electronic solutions. Future prospects using photonic integrated circuits and software-defined architectures to further improve the measurement performance are also discussed.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/lpor.201600019

Photonics for microwave measurements

A photonic-delay line is used as a frequency discriminator for measurement of the phase noise - hence the short-term frequency stability - of microwave oscillators. The scheme is suitable for electronic and photonic oscillators, including the optoelectronic oscillator, mode lock lasers, and other types of rf and microwave pulsed optical sources. The approach is inherently suitable for a wide range of frequency without reconfiguration, which is important for the measurement of tunable oscillators. It is also insensitive to a moderate frequency drift without the need for phase locking.

/pdf/photonic-delay-technique-for-phase-noise-measurement-of-2yroiygxla.pdf

Photonic-delay technique for phase-noise measurement of microwave oscillators

Ultralow jitter optical pulse sources are much needed in optical communications, optical sampling, and metrology applications. We report a coupled optoelectronic oscillator employing nonpolarization-maintaining components and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier that generates 9.4-GHz microwave signals with -150-dBc/Hz phase noise at 10- to 100-kHz offset, and 2-fs jitter (integrated in 100-Hz to 100-kHz range) optical pulses. To our knowledge, this is the lowest phase noise and time jitter reported in the same frequency range for such mode-locked laser-based systems

An Ultralow Phase Noise Coupled Optoelectronic Oscillator

We describe simultaneous generation of ultralow-noise optical pulses and microwave signal with a mode-locked fiber laser in a coupled optoelectronic oscillator configuration. We demonstrate 9.2-GHz optical and microwave signals with the measured phase noise of −140 dBc∕Hz at 10-kHz offset frequency. We show that the mode-locked laser in the photonic oscillator serves as a high-Q filter and is responsible for the observed low phase noise.

Ultralow-noise mode-locked laser with coupled optoelectronic oscillator configuration

We describe the application of a cross-correlation method with dual photonic delay-line for homodyne phase noise measurement of low-noise microwave oscillators This method combines a delay-line discriminator and cross correlation with the use of a low-loss kilometer-long photonic delay By using a 45 km optical fiber as a photonic delay, we demonstrated a measurement noise floor of -158 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset without a reference oscillator

Ertan Salik

Papers

Photonic-delay technique for phase-noise measurement of microwave oscillators

An Ultralow Phase Noise Coupled Optoelectronic Oscillator

Ultralow-noise mode-locked laser with coupled optoelectronic oscillator configuration

Dual photonic-delay line cross correlation method for phase noise measurement

Flicker noise of high-speed p-i-n photodiodes