In order to enable optical systems to operate with a high degree of compactness and reliability it is necessary to combine large number of optical functions in small monolithic structures. A development, somewhat reminiscent of that that took place in Integrated Electronics, is now beginning to take place in optics. The initial challenge in this emerging field, known appropriately as "Integrated Optics", is to demonstrate the possibility of performing basic optical functions such as light generation, coupling, modulation, and guiding in Integrated Optical configurations. The talk will review the main theoretical and experimental developments to date in Integrated Optics. Specific topics to be discussed include: Material considerations, guiding mechanisms, modulation, coupling and mode losses. The fabrication and applications of periodic thin film structures will be discussed.

Integrated optics

Conducting polymers represent an important class of functional organic materials for next-generation electronic and optical devices. Advances in nanotechnology allow for the fabrication of various conducting polymer nanomaterials through synthesis methods such as solid-phase template synthesis, molecular template synthesis, and template-free synthesis. Nanostructured conducting polymers featuring high surface area, small dimensions, and unique physical properties have been widely used to build various sensor devices. Many remarkable examples have been reported over the past decade. The enhanced sensitivity of conducting polymer nanomaterials toward various chemical/biological species and external stimuli has made them ideal candidates for incorporation into the design of sensors. However, the selectivity and stability still leave room for improvement.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/3/3/524/pdf

Current Trends in Sensors Based on Conducting Polymer Nanomaterials

Integrated OpticsIntegrated Optics and Optical SwitchingIntegrated Optics: Theory and TechnologyIntroduction to Integrated OpticsElements of Photonics, Volume IIEncyclopedic Handbook of Integrated OpticsOptical Fiber Communication Conference and Sixth International Conference on Integrated Optics and Optical Fiber CommunicationIntegrated Optical Circuits and ComponentsIntegrated OpticsAdvances in Integrated OpticsFundamentals of Fibre Optics in Telecommunication and Sensor SystemsIntegrated OpticsIntegrated Optics, Microstructures, and SensorsMulti-Photon Quantum Information Science and Technology in Integrated OpticsIntegrated Optics, Microstructures, and SensorsIntegrated PhotonicsOptics and LasersA Consideration of Possibilities and Difficulties in Passive Circuits in Integrated OpticsSemiconductor Integrated Optics for Switching LightIntegrated OpticsIntegrated OpticsAdvanced Materials for Integrated Optical WaveguidesIntroduction to Semiconductor Integrated OpticsCommercial Integrated OpticsIntegrated OpticsIntegrated Optics and MicrostructuresElectromagnetic Principles of Integrated OpticsIntegrated Optics and Micro-Optics with PolymersIntroduction to Integrated OpticsIntegrated Optics SuppliersIntegrated Optics: Theory and TechnologyDiffractive Optics and Optical MicrosystemsIntegrated Optics and OptoelectronicsFiber and Integrated OpticsEncyclopedic Handbook of Integrated OpticsFirst International Conference on Integrated Optical Circuit EngineeringIntegrated OpticsIon Exchange in Single Crystals for Integrated Optics and OptoelectronicsOptics and LasersIntegrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/3/23092/01072971.pdf

In this paper, active planar waveguides based on the incorporation of CdSe and CdTe nanocrystal quantum dots in a polymer matrix are demonstrated. In the case of doping the polymer with both types of quantum dots, the nanocomposite film guides both emitted colors, green (550 nm, CdTe) and orange (600 nm, CdSe). The optical pumping laser can be coupled not only with a standard end-fire coupling system, but also directing the beam to the surface of the sample, indicating a good absorption cross-section and waveguide properties. To achieve these results, a study of the nanocomposite optical properties as a function of the nanocrystal concentration is presented and the optimum conditions are found for waveguiding.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/22/43/435202/pdf

Photoluminescence waveguiding in CdSe and CdTe QDs–PMMA nanocomposite films

In this paper, a new multilayer integrated optical sensor (MIOS) for ammonia detection at room temperature is proposed and characterized. The sensor is integrated on a single-mode TE0−TM0 planar polymer waveguide and based on polyaniline (PANI) sensitive material. A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) passive layer is deposited between the waveguide core and PANI sensitive layer in order to decrease optical losses induced by evanescent wave/sensitive material coupling. The design of this new sensor is discussed. Moreover, in order to investigate the feasibility of this sensor, the sensing properties to ammonia at room temperature are studied. A significant change is observed in the guided light output power after the sensor is exposed to ammonia gas, due to PANI absorption coefficient variation. This new ammonia sensor shows fast response and recovery times, good reversibility and repeatability. The metrological parameters (sensitivity, response time and recovery time) of the sensor are strongly influenced by ...

Design and sensing properties of an integrated optical gas sensor based on a multilayer structure.

This paper presents a successful design, realization,and characterization of single-mode rib optical waveguides on SOG/SU-8 polymers in order to highlight a new approach to designing heat sensors. The basic principle of this new thermal-sensing method relies on the differential thermal behavior regarding both acting arms of a micro Mach-Zehnder Interferometer(MZI). First, two families of single-mode straight rib waveguides composed of SOG/SU-8 polymers are analyzed. Hence, optical losses for TE00 and TM00 optical modes for structures on Si/SiO2/SU-8 have been estimated respectively as 1,36 plusmn 0,02 and 2,01plusmn0,02 dBmiddotcm-1, while the second one composed of Si/SiO2 /SOG/SU-8 presented losses of 2,33 plusmn 0,02 and 2,95plusmn0,02 dBmiddotcm-1. Then, owing to modeling results, an experimental sensor is realized as an integrated device made up of SU-8 polymer mounted on a standard silicon wafer. When subjected to a radiant source, as a laser light (980 nm) is injected across the cleaved input face of the MZI, the significant change of output signal allows us to consider a new approach to measuring radiant heat flowrate. Experimental results are given regarding the obtained phase shift against the subjected thermal power. According to the modeling results, one can expect new highly sensitive devices to be developed in the next coming years, with advantageous prospective industrial applications

Single-mode rib optical waveguides on SOG/SU-8 polymer and integrated Mach-Zehnder for designing thermal sensors

The development of thermal detectors has progressed rapidly over the last decade as a result of improved thin film processes and new thermoelectric materials. A planar radiometer consists of a thin planar thermopile, shaped as a meandering path, deposited on an appropriate dielectric substrate. The cold thermojunctions are shielded with a reflective coating while the sensing hot junctions are blackened. This paper outlines the main criteria in the design of enhanced devices. The underlying physical principles and specific properties are discussed by way of a simple model with a view to explaining and improving both sensitivity to radiation and immunity to convection losses. Hypotheses regarding the distributed layout of planar radiometers are reviewed and several low cost devices are described together with prospective enhanced realizations. Besides being rugged, such sensors can deal with a wider range of irradiance, with values around 0.7 MW (typical dynamic range 85 dB), than classical hollowed devices based on thin membranes. Since planar structures can be made by deposit various dielectric materials, many applications in military and space research can be expected in the coming years.

F. Polet

Papers

Single-mode rib optical waveguides on SOG/SU-8 polymer and integrated Mach-Zehnder for designing thermal sensors

Planar differential radiometers : a quantitative approach to designing enhanced units