Resena del libro:
Politics in Time. History, Institutions and Social Analysis.
PAUL PIERSON. Princeton University Press. New Jersey, 2004. 196 p.

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Politics in Time: History, Institutions and Social Analysis

It is expected that the rapid expansion of nanotechnology will bring many potential benefits. However, initial investigations have demonstrated that nanomaterials may adversely affect human health and the environment. By increasing the application of nanoparticles, protection of the human respiratory system from exposure to airborne nanoparticles and ultrafine particulates has become an emerging health concern. Available research has demonstrated an association between exposure to ambient airborne particulates and ultrafine particles and various adverse heath effects including increased morbidity and mortality. Nanomaterial structures are more likely to be toxic than the same materials of conventional sized samples and can be inhaled more deeply into the lungs. While the respiratory tract is considered as the primary target organ for inhaled nanoparticles, recent research has demonstrated that extrapulmonary organs are also affected. The very small size distribution and large surface area of nanoparticles available to undergo reactions may play a significant role in nanotoxicity, yet very little is known about their interactions with biological systems. This review explores the possible underlying toxicity mechanisms of nanoparticles following inhalational exposure. Nanoparticles differ from the same conventional material at a larger scale in physical, chemical and biological characteristics; therefore it is critical to recognize the potential risk of nanoparticle exposure using appropriate toxicity test methods. Current advances and limitations of toxicity assessment methods of nanoparticles are discussed highlighting the recent improvements of in vitro screening tools for the safety evaluation of the rapidly expanding area of nanotechnology.

Nanoparticles: a review of particle toxicology following inhalation exposure.

Das Thema „coronavirus disease 2019“ (COVID-19)mussnichtmehreingeführt werden. Es ist allgegenwärtig in einer Art und Weise, wie es sich wahrscheinlich niemand – weder innerhalb noch außerhalb der Medizin – je hätte vorstellen können. Täglich bekommen wir durch öffentliche und wissenschaftliche Medien Informationen zum Virus. Alle diese Meldungen sind selbst für medizinisches Fachpersonal schwierig einzuordnen und führen zu Unsicherheiten. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass mittlerweile auch Fake News ihren Weg in die sozialenMedien gefundenhabenund sich „viral“ verbreiten. Um diesen Zustrom von Informationen sinnvoll einzuordnen, relevante von weniger relevanten, irrelevanten Fakten oder gar mutwilligen Falschmeldungen zu trennenund soSicherheit bei denMitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern im Gesundheitssystem zu schaffen, benötigen wir viel Zeit. Diese Zeit fehlt mittlerweile vielerorts. Mehr denn je ist es daher gerade jetzt wichtig, gut recherchierte, kompakt zusammengefasste und gutachterlich geprüfte Informationen zu dieser „neuen“Viruserkrankungzubekommen. Der Beitrag „COVID-19: update für Anästhesisten und Intensivmediziner März 2020“ von D.Thomas-Rüddel et al. bietet genau das! Er vermittelt in übersichtlicher und fundierter Weise all das, was wir aktuell über die Symptomatik, Diagnostik, Hygienemaßnahmen und Therapie der Coronaviruserkrankung wissen. Gleichzeitig weist der Beitrag auf eindrücklicheWeise darauf hin, dass diese Pandemie neben den medizinischen v. a. auch logistisch-organisatorische Herausforderungen in ungekannter Dimension mit sich bringt. Hier gilt es vorausschauend, Ressourcen zu generieren, ausreichend Schutzausrüstung zu beschaffen, Personal vorzubereiten sowie Störungen im klinischen Ablauf vorauszusehen und zu beseitigen.

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[Coronavirus disease 2019 : More safety through compact facts and recommendantions for action]

The systematic review was commissioned by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) to evaluate the scientific literature relating to the health effects of fluoride and fluoridation. The systematic review's research questions relate to the caries-reducing benefits and associated potential health risks of providing fluoride systemically (via addition to water, milk and salt) and the use of topical fluoride agents, such as toothpaste, gel, varnish and mouthrinse. Although the review summarises the recent evidence, it does not constitute health policy or clinical practice recommendations. A literature search was undertaken using the Medline and Embase databases (via www.embase.com
 ). In addition, the Cochrane Systematic Review and Clinical Trial databases were searched to help identify additional systematic reviews and original studies. Because of the availability of recent systematic reviews, searches were limited to publications from 1996 onwards . The search was conducted in December 2006 and limited to English-language publications. Based on types of intervention (individual or population) and the outcomes assessed (efficacy or safety), the hierarchy of study types considered most relevant for answering each of the clinical questions defined in this review was chosen (Table 1). The levels of evidence used by NHMRC for intervention and aetiological studies are summarised in Table 2.
 Screening of eligible studies was conducted by three reviewers. Data were extracted for all of the included systematic reviews and individual studies using standardised data-extraction forms. This included information about the study design, NHMRC level of evidence, population, intervention, comparator, outcome definitions and results. Information relating to potential biases and study quality were also extracted. Where appropriate, study results were pooled using standard meta-analysis techniques. In total, 5418 nonduplicate citations were identified. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 408 citations were considered potentially eligible for inclusion in the review. After the review of the full papers of potentially eligible articles, 77 citations were included in the review. The summary of findings was presented in the context of the research questions (Table 3).
 Fluoridation of drinking water remains the most effective and socially equitable means of achieving community-wide exposure to the caries prevention effects of fluoride. It is recommended (see also www.nhmrc.gov.au/news/media/rel07/_files/fluoride_flyer.pdf
 ) that water be fluoridated in the target range of 0.6–1.1 mg/l, depending on the climate, to balance reduction of dental caries and occurrence of dental fluorosis.n particular with reference to care in hospital for those following stroke.

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A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

An alternative method for fire smoke toxicity assessment using human lung cells

http://repository.ui.ac.id/contents/koleksi/4/5dd0ad7e57763ab10c7ac0607ad3411f3ecd8b00.pdf

In vitro cytotoxicity of selected chemicals commonly produced during fire combustion using human cell lines.

This study aims to assess the hospital readiness and resiliency in a disaster-prone Indonesia.,Hospital Safety Index (HSI), containing 151 items, was used to assess ten hospital in West Java and five hospitals in Yogyakarta.,The average level of HSI for the hospitals under investigation is B, indicating that their ability to function during and after emergencies and disasters are potentially at risk, thus, intervention measures are needed in the short term. Hospitals in Yogyakarta scored lowly in terms of their emergency and disaster management, even though they have previously experienced major disasters in 2006 and 2010.,The role of the government is crucial to improve hospital readiness and resiliency in Indonesia. It is recommended that they: identify disaster-prone areas so that their hospital readiness and resiliency can be assessed; assess the readiness and resiliency of hospitals the prioritized areas; implement intervention measures; re-assess the readiness and resiliency of hospitals in the prioritized areas after implementing intervention measures; and develop a framework to ensure that the hospitals can maintain their level of readiness and resiliency over time.,Research on hospital readiness and resiliency in Indonesia is still limited despite the size of the country and its proneness to disasters. This research has investigated the feasibility and value of using HSI to assess hospital readiness and resilience in Indonesia.

Hospital safety index: assessing the readiness and resiliency of hospitals in Indonesia

The purpose of this paper is to assess, compare and explain safety climate differences between the Indonesian and Australian construction industries.,The paper reports a comparative safety climate survey of 415 construction personnel working in the Australian and Indonesia construction industries.,Surprisingly, the results show that the safety climate in Indonesia and Australia are similar and that the differences in safety performance, safety climate must be interpreted within the context of wider health and safety norms, regulations, awareness, knowledge and typical work environments to make any sense.,This research contributes a missing international comparative dimension to the emerging research on construction safety climate. Indonesian studies are notably absent from this literature, despite the size of the country and the poor health and safety record of its construction industry. Similar comparisons between safety climate in other countries need to be made.,This research allows construction managers operating across international boundaries to better understand the cultural and institutional context in which safety climate is developed. This will assist in the development of more culturally sensitive safety management strategies.,The construction industry’s poor safety record has serious implications for both individuals working in the industry, their immediate families and the communities in which they live. By improving the safety record of the industry these impacts can be reduced.,This research reveals, for the first time, the cultural and institutional complexities of comparing safety climate across different countries. The results contribute to safety climate research by highlighting the importance of cultural and institutional relativity in making international comparisons of health and safety research.

Comparing the safety climate of the Indonesian and Australian construction industries: Cultural and institutional relativity in safety research

The Indonesian construction industry is the second largest in Asia and accounts for over 30% of all occupational injuries in the country. Despite the size of the industry, there is a lack of safety research in this context. This research, therefore, aims to assess safety climate and develop a framework to improve safety in the Indonesian construction industry. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 311 construction workers. The results show a moderately healthy safety climate but reflect numerous problems, particularly around perceived conflicts between production and safety logics, cost trade-offs being made against other competing project priorities, poor safety communication, poor working conditions, acceptance of poor safety as the norm, poor reporting and monitoring practices, poor training and a risky and unsupportive working environment which prevents workers from operating safely. Two new safety climate paradoxes are also revealed: contradictions between management communications and management practices; contradictions between worker concern for safety and their low sense of personal accountability and empowerment for acting to reduce these risks. A low locus of control over safety is also identified as a significant problem which is related to prevailing Indonesian cultural norms and poor safety policy implementation and potential conflicts between formal and informal safety norms, practices and procedures. Drawing on these findings, a new integrated framework of safety climate is presented to improve safety performance in the Indonesian construction industry.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/20/7462/pdf

Fatma Lestari

Papers

An alternative method for fire smoke toxicity assessment using human lung cells

In vitro cytotoxicity of selected chemicals commonly produced during fire combustion using human cell lines.

Hospital safety index: assessing the readiness and resiliency of hospitals in Indonesia

Comparing the safety climate of the Indonesian and Australian construction industries: Cultural and institutional relativity in safety research

A Safety Climate Framework for Improving Health and Safety in the Indonesian Construction Industry.