Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Dye effluents released from numerous dye-utilizing industries are harmful towards the environment and living things. Consequently, existence of dye effluent in environmental water bodies is becoming a growing concern to environmentalists and civilians. A long term sustainable and efficient dye effluent treatment method should be established to eliminate this issue. Dye wastewater should be treated first before release to minimize its negative impacts towards the environment and living things. However, due to lack of information on efficient dye removal methods, it is difficult to decide on a single technique that resolves the prevailing dye effluent issue. Therefore, this paper reviews existing research papers on various biological, chemical and physical dye removal methods to find its efficiency through percentage of dye removal. Although there are numerous existing tried and tested methods to accomplish dye removal, most of them have a common disadvantage which is the generation of secondary pollution to the environment. This paper highlights enzyme degradation (biological) and adsorption (physical) dye removal as these are known as one of the most efficient dye removal techniques these days. This paper also suggests the usage of a combined adsorbent as it is envisioned that this technique has better efficiency and is able to remove dyes at a faster rate.

Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: A review

In this course, taught at the Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology in northwest Pennsylvania, students will explore the population, community, and ecosystem ecology of fishes. We will conduct field investigations in streams, lakes, and marshes. Students will attend background lectures, conduct experiments and field surveys, participate in data collection and analysis, and gain experience in the interpretation and presentation of results. We will learn how to integrate math, physics, chemistry, and biology in our study of fishes. In addition, we seek to expose students to current research in fish ecology. Students will participate in the design of experiments, data analysis, and hone their presentation skills. Most importantly, they will leave the course with a greater knowledge of and appreciation for Pennsylvania’s rich diversity of fishes.

Ecology of fishes

Textile finishing dyes and their impact on aquatic environs.

Spirulina is a species of filamentous cyanobacteria that has long been used as a food supplement. In particular, Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima are the most important. Thanks to a high protein and vitamin content, Spirulina is used as a nutraceutical food supplement, although its other potential health benefits have attracted much attention. Oxidative stress and dysfunctional immunity cause many diseases in humans, including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. Thus, the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of these microalgae may play an important role in human health. Here, we discuss the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina in both animals and humans, along with the underlying mechanisms. In addition, its commercial and regulatory status in different countries is discussed as well. Spirulina activates cellular antioxidant enzymes, inhibits lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, scavenges free radicals, and increases the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Notably, there appears to be a threshold level above which Spirulina will taper off the antioxidant activity. Clinical trials show that Spirulina prevents skeletal muscle damage under conditions of exercise-induced oxidative stress and can stimulate the production of antibodies and up- or downregulate the expression of cytokine-encoding genes to induce immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses. The molecular mechanism(s) by which Spirulina induces these activities is unclear, but phycocyanin and β-carotene are important molecules. Moreover, Spirulina effectively regulates the ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and IκB pathways. This review provides new insight into the potential therapeutic applications of Spirulina and may provide new ideas for future studies.

The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/301798.pdf

Production and nutritive value of Spirulina platensis in reduced cost media

Context: Spirulina platensis (SP) is used as a source of protein and vitamin supplement in humans without any significant side-effects. Dunaliella salina (DS) is also regarded as one of the richest natural producers of carotenoid, thus used as a source of antioxidants to protect cells from oxidative damage.Objective: The aim of the present study is to compare the ameliorative effect of Spirulina and Dunaliella in experimental colitis.Materials and methods: Spirulina and Dunaliella were investigated at the same dose of 500 mg/kg body weight for their modulatory effect against acetic-acid induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats. The colonic lesion was analyzed by examining macroscopic damage, bloody diarrhea scores, colon weight/length and change in body weight of tested rats. Colon lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress markers were examined by evaluating malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Colon inflammatory mark...

Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Spirulina platensis in comparison to Dunaliella salina in acetic acid-induced rat experimental colitis

Testing the advanced oxidation processes on the degradation of Direct Blue 86 dye in wastewater

Paracetamol has a reasonable safety profile when taken in therapeutic doses. However, it could induce hepatotoxicity and even more severe fatal acute hepatic damage when taken in an overdose. The green alga, Dunaliella salina was investigated for hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. Male albino Wistar rats overdosed with paracetamol showed liver damage and oxidative stress as indicated by significantly (P<0.05) increased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total and direct bilirubin, malondialdehyde, cholesterol and nitric oxide. At the same time, there were decreased activities of serum superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity compared with the control group. Treatment with D. salina methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight or silymarin could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the liver damage marker enzymes, total and direct bilirubin, malondialdehyde, cholesterol and nitric oxide levels and increase the activities of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity in serum when compared with paracetamol intoxicated group. Liver histopathology also showed that D. salina reduced the centrilobular necrosis, congestion and inflammatory cell infiltration evoked by paracetamol overdose. These results suggest that D. salina exhibits a potent hepatoprotective effect on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats, which may be due to both the increase of antioxidant enzymes activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

/pdf/hepatoprotective-and-antioxidant-activity-of-dunaliella-3jpsczbm0i.pdf

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of dunaliella salina in paracetamol-induced acute toxicity in rats

Heavy metals are normally occurring elements that have a density at least 5 times higher than of water. Their plentiful domestic, industrial, agricultural and technological usages have led to their widespread distribution in the environment; raising worries over their possible impacts on human health and the environment. The toxicity of heavy metals relies on numerous factors including the dose, method of exposure, and chemical types. This review provides an analysis of heavy metals occurrence, toxicity, and some pollution assessment methods such as the geoaccumulation index, contamination factor, Contamination Degree, Enirchment factor, pollution load index, Ecotoxilogical sense of heavy metals contamination and Risk Assessment of heavy metals consumption.

https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20160203.11.pdf

Fedekar F. Madkour

Papers

Production and nutritive value of Spirulina platensis in reduced cost media

Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Spirulina platensis in comparison to Dunaliella salina in acetic acid-induced rat experimental colitis

Testing the advanced oxidation processes on the degradation of Direct Blue 86 dye in wastewater

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of dunaliella salina in paracetamol-induced acute toxicity in rats

Environmental Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Human Health Risk