Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Microglia‐derived inflammatory neurotoxins play a principal role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and HIV‐associated dementia; chief among these is reactive oxygen species. The detrimental effects of oxidative stress in the brain and nervous system are primarily a result of the diminished capacity of the central nervous system to prevent ongoing oxidative damage. A spectrum of environmental cues, mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of aberrant misfolded proteins, inflammation, and defects in protein clearance are known to evolve and form as a result of disease progression. These factors likely affect glial function serving to accelerate the tempo of disease. Understanding the relationships between disease progression, free radical formation, neuroinflammation, and neurotoxicity is critical to elucidating disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutic modalities to combat disease processes. In an era where populations continue to age, the prevalence and incidence of age‐related neurodegenerative diseases are on the rise; therefore, the need for novel therapeutic strategies that attenuate neuroinflammation and protect neurons against oxidative stress is ever more immediate.

Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) forms a protective barrier around the brain, with the important function of maintaining brain homeostasis. Pathways thought to initiate BBB dysfunction include the kin...

Involvement of ROS in BBB dysfunction

Widespread use of herbal drugs because of their protective effects on different organs toxicity has been shown in many studies. These protective effects have been illustrated in the fields of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, viral hepatitis, cancer, in vitro fertilization, neurotoxicity, depression, lung diseases, prostate diseases etc. Silymarin has cytoprotection activities due to its antioxidant activity and radical scavenging. The possible known mechanisms of action of silymarin protection are blockade and adjustment of cell transporters, p-glycoprotein, estrogenic and nuclear receptors. Moreover, silymarin anti-inflammatory effects through reduction of TNF-α, protective effects on erythrocyte lysis and cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity have been indicated in some studies. Silymarin has also inhibited apoptosis and follicular development in patients undergoing IVF. Basis on such data, silymarin can be served as a novel medication in complementary medicine.

https://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/article_5019_9f4b2a7750305bcfcc1ca3d2902468b7.pdf

"Silymarin", a promising pharmacological agent for treatment of diseases.

In recent years, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients under highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens have shown a markedly improved general clinical status; however, the prevalence of mild cognitive disorders has increased. We propose that increased longevity with HIV-mediated chronic inflammation combined with the secondary effects of HAART may increase the risk of early brain aging as shown by intraneuronal accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates like amyloid beta (Abeta), which might participate in worsening the neurodegenerative process and cognitive impairment in older patients with HIV. For this purpose, levels and distribution of Abeta immunoreactivity were analyzed in the frontal cortex of 43 patients with HIV (ages 38-60) and HIV- age-matched controls. Subcellular localization of the Abeta-immunoreactive material was analyzed by double labeling and confocal microscopy and by immunono-electron microscopy (EM). Compared to HIV- cases, in HIV+ cases, there was abundant intracellular Abeta immunostaining in pyramidal neurons and along axonal tracts. Cases with HIV encephalitis (HIVE) had higher levels of intraneuronal Abeta immunoreactivity compared to HIV+ cases with no HIVE. Moreover, levels of intracellular Abeta correlated with age in the group with HIVE. Double-labeling analysis showed that the Abeta-immunoreactive granules in the neurons co-localized with lysosomal markers such as cathepsin-D and LC3. Ultrastructural analysis by immuno-EM has confirmed that in these cases, intracellular Abeta was often found in structures displaying morphology similar to autophagosomes. These findings suggest that long-term survival with HIV might interfere with clearance of proteins such as Abeta and worsen neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in this population.

/pdf/increased-accumulation-of-intraneuronal-amyloid-b-in-hiv-5e4ftvbnyy.pdf

Increased Accumulation of Intraneuronal Amyloid β in HIV-Infected Patients

https://web.mst.edu/~nercal/documents/publications/65.pdf

A Novel Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine Amide Prevents Gp120- and Tat-Induced Oxidative Stress in Brain Endothelial Cells

Background
The first line anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF) and pyrazinamide (PZA) continues to be the effective drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis, however, the use of these drugs is associated with toxic reactions in tissues, particularly in the liver, leading to hepatitis. Silymarin, a standard plant extract with strong antioxidant activity obtained from S. marianum, is known to be an effective agent for liver protection and liver regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective actions of silymarin against hepatotoxicity caused by different combinations of anti-tuberculosis drugs.

/pdf/silymarin-protects-liver-against-toxic-effects-of-anti-9mrobon34p.pdf

Silymarin protects liver against toxic effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs in experimental animals

Do platelet apoptosis, activation, aggregation, lipid peroxidation and platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation occur simultaneously in hyperlipidemia?

Objective: To find out whether there is a correlation between the extent of platelet activation and inflammation and the severity of preeclampsia (PE) in the third trimester of pregnancy.Methods: Forty-one women with PE (n = 23 severe, n = 18 mild) and 80 normotensive pregnant (NP) women were included in the study. Their blood samples were obtained and interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-10 levels measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Basal CD61 and CD62P expressions on CD41-positive platelets were analyzed with the use of flow-cytometry. Platelet aggregation was induced by adenosine diphosphate and determined by aggregometry.Results: CD62P expression was increased in severely preeclamptic women, and the platelet aggregation was decreased in both mildly and severely preeclamptic women in comparison with NP women. However, CD61 expression was similar among the groups. An enhanced inflammatory response was seen in severely preeclamptic women demonstrated by increased levels of IL-8 and decreased l...

Fikriye Uras

Papers

A Novel Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine Amide Prevents Gp120- and Tat-Induced Oxidative Stress in Brain Endothelial Cells

Silymarin protects liver against toxic effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs in experimental animals

Do platelet apoptosis, activation, aggregation, lipid peroxidation and platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation occur simultaneously in hyperlipidemia?

The impact of platelet functions and inflammatory status on the severity of preeclampsia.

Apo A-I Binding to Platelets Detected by Flow Cytometry