Doubled Haploid Production in Crop Plants

Haploids are plants with a gametophytic chromosome number and doubled haploids are haploids that have undergone chromosome duplication. The production of haploids and doubled haploids (DHs) through gametic embryogenesis allows a single-step development of complete homozygous lines from heterozygous parents, shortening the time required to produce homozygous plants in comparison with the conventional breeding methods that employ several generations of selfing. The production of haploids and DHs provides a particularly attractive biotechnological tool, and the development of haploidy technology and protocols to produce homozygous plants has had a significant impact on agricultural systems. Nowadays, these biotechnologies represent an integral part of the breeding programmes of many agronomically important crops. There are several available methods to obtain haploids and DHs, of which in vitro anther or isolated microspore culture are the most effective and widely used. This review article deals with the current status of knowledge on the production of haploids and DHs through pollen embryogenesis and, in particular, anther culture.

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Anther culture for haploid and doubled haploid production

Composition and physicochemical properties of locust bean gum extracted from whole seeds by acid or water dehulling pre-treatment

The components of plant tissue culture media II. Organic additions, osmotic and pH effects, and support systems

Introduction. 1. Male Gametogenesis Development and Structure of Sperm D. Southworth, S.C. Russell. 2. Sperm and Generative Cell Isolation and Manipulation D. Southworth. 3. Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth Tip Growth Mechanism in Sexual Plant Reproduction A. Moscatelli, M. Cresti. 4. Female Gametogenesis Ontogenesis of the Embryo Sac and Female Gametes S.D. Russell. 5. Embryo Sac Isolation and Manipulation D.D. Cass, J.D. Laurie. 6. In Vivo Fertilization T.B. Batygina, V.E. Vasilyeva. 7. In Vitro Fertilization E. Kranz. 8. Sexual Incompatibility F. Cruz-Garcia, B.A. MacClure. 9. Zygotic Embryogenesis Structural Aspects R. Czapik, R. Izmailow. 10. Zygotic Embryogenesis Hormonal Control of Embryo Development B. Fischer-Iglesias, G. Neuhaus. 11. Zygotic Embryogenesis: Developmental Genetics The Formation of an Embryo from a Fertilized Egg K. Schrick, T. Laux. 12. Somatic Embryogenesis T.A. Thorpe, C. Stasolla. 13. Synthetic Seeds of Asparagus officinalis L. K. Mamiya, et al. 14. Endosperm Development P.W. Becraft, et al. 15. Seed Maturation, Germination, and Dormancy A.B. Downie. 16. Gametophytic Apomixis A Successful Mutation of the Female Gametogenesis Y. Savidan. 17. Parthenocarpy State of the Art A. Spena, G.L. Rotino. 18. Androgenesis in Brassica A Model System to Study the Initiation of Plant Embryogenesis J.B.M. Custers, et al. 19. Androgenesis in Cereals S.K. Datta. 20. In Vitro Gynogenesis S.S. Bhojwani, T.D. Thomas. 21. Inheritance of Cytoplasmic Traits -- Embryological Perspectives T. Kuroiwa, et al. Subject Index.

Current trends in the embryology of angiosperms.

Somatic embryogenesis was induced and plant regeneration was obtained in 11 different genotypes of sweet orange navel group [Citrus sinensis (L) Osb] from cultures of stigma/style explants and undeveloped ovules Explants were cultured on 3 different modifications of Murashige and Skoog medium: 500 mg l-1 malt extract; 500 mg l-1 malt extract and 46 μM kinetin; and 500 mg l-1 malt extract and 133 μM 6-benzylaminopurine Sucrose (146 mM) was used as carbon source Somatic embryogenesis occurred 1–3 months after culture initiation from undeveloped ovule and stigma/style cultures of all the genotypes tested Somatic embryos developed into plantlets with a high frequency (74%) after transfer to Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 146 mM sucrose and 500 mg l-1 malt extract Plants were successfully transferred to soil

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from undeveloped ovules and stigma/style explants of sweet orange navel group [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.]

Somatic embryogenesis in Citrus from styles culture

Androgenesis in 5 cultivars of citrus limon l. burm. f

Plants were regenerated from styles of three cultivars of lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.), 'Monachello', 'Lunario' and 'Femminello Santa Teresa'. Styles and stigmas were excised from flowers, and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. Callus formation occurred from the style base 2 weeks after culture initiation and was significantly (P < 0.01) greater in immature flowers growing on BAP supplemented medium. Somatic embryos appeared 8 weeks later. The addition of BAP in the culture medium increased significantly (P < 0.01) the embryogenic response of the style, and the best regeneration occurred on MS basal medium supplemented with 13.3 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 146 mM sucrose. Once embryos were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 500 mg L-1 malt extract and 0.27 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), they developed into plantlets. After 5 or 6 months of continuous subculturing, the embryogenic callus became habituated and new embryos were still arising.

Somatic Embryogenesis From Styles of Different Cultivars of Citrus limon (L.) Burm

SummarySixteen carob cultivars were studied to evaluate pulp and seed yield with regard to endosperm percentage, to determine the overall degree of polymorphism of the characters and to detect similarities among cultivars. Bean size and numbers of normal and aborted seeds were characters with a certain degree of polymorphism. The low between-year variability observed suggests that differences in the variables could be attributed to genetic factors. A high year-to-year variation was observed only for the number of aborted seeds. Seed characteristics showed small changes both between years and among cultivars. Out of all the variables, PCA identified four principal components that explained more than 80% of the total variance. The first two principal components were related to qualitative characters and were useful in ranking cultivars. Plots of the principal components scores separated some cultivars for particular characteristics for industrial purposes.

Francesco Giulio Crescimanno

Papers

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from undeveloped ovules and stigma/style explants of sweet orange navel group [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.]

Somatic embryogenesis in Citrus from styles culture

Androgenesis in 5 cultivars of citrus limon l. burm. f

Somatic Embryogenesis From Styles of Different Cultivars of Citrus limon (L.) Burm

Characterization of carob germplasm (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in Sicily