The design and development of space instruments are considered to be distinct from that of other products. It is because the key considerations are vastly different from those that govern the use of products on planet earth. The service life of a space instrument, its use in extreme space environments, size, weight, cost, and the complexity of maintenance must all be considered. As a result, more innovative ideas and resource support are required to assist mankind in space exploration. This article reviews the impact of product design and innovation on the development of space instruments. Using a systematic literature search review and classification, we have identified over 129 papers and finally selected 48 major articles dealing with space instrument product innovation design. According to the studies, it is revealed that product design and functional performance is the main research focuses on the studied articles. The studies also highlighted various factors that affect space instrument manufacturing or fabrication, and that innovativeness is also the key in the design of space instruments. Lastly, the product design is important to affect the reliability of the space instrument. This review study provides important information and key considerations for the development of smart manufacturing technologies for space instruments in the future.

A systematic review of product design for space instrument innovation, reliability, and manufacturing

High-rate long-lasting solar desalination towards hypersaline brine enabled by introducing a siphon-drop mode

Absolute radiometers are based on electrical substitution radiometers, which compare optical and electrical power. The same physical principle applies to standard reference detectors operating at cryogenic temperatures and room temperature radiometers for total solar irradiance (TSI) measurements. Both types rely on the cavity with an internal low-reflectance coating to absorb incident radiation similar to a black body. The cavity shape design requires an analysis of the coating reflection properties. Like many materials, ultra-black Ni-P exhibits a mixture of diffuse and specular reflection that depends on the angle of incidence of light in the pores. We employed ray-tracing software to study the impact of the geometry on the absorptivity and distribution of the scattered rays. We describe the scattering model of the black coating in terms of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function. Also, we examined the difficulties of Ni-P electroless deposition and blackening inside the cavity. The measured absorptance of the cavity showed some discrepancies of the simulated absorptance mostly probably due to Ni-P non-uniformity coating.

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Design, Implementation and Characterization of Cavity for Absolute Radiometer

Sprayable Ultrablack Coating Based on Hollow Carbon Nanospheres

We report a scheme for enhancing microwave electric field measurement by cavity-assisted Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency in the 87Rb coherent atomic system. The vacuum Rabi splitting appears when the probe field is strongly coupled with intracavity atoms. The cavity-assisted electromagnetically induced transparency with dual-peak profile is observed as a strong coupling laser is further introduced into the optical ring cavity. The optimal atomic density, resulting in an appropriate vacuum Rabi splitting interval and cavity-assisted electromagnetically induced transparency amplitude, is determined for the coupling effect criterion of the probe field and intracavity atoms. Finally, the cavity-assisted electromagnetically induced transparency is employed to accurately measure the microwave electric field strength, and a measurement sensitivity factor of about 2 is improved owing to an enhanced photon–atom interaction. This study is beneficial for the development of compact, broadband, and self-calibrating microwave receivers.

/pdf/enhanced-microwave-electric-field-measurement-with-cavity-tnn05fe6.pdf

Enhanced Microwave Electric Field Measurement With Cavity-Assisted Rydberg Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/ab7af8/pdf

Physical and Optical Properties of Ultra-black Nickel-Phosphorus for a Total Solar Irradiance Measurement

Resumo A radiacao solar ou irradiância constitui um importante fator que influencia os processos quimicos, fisicos e biologicos na Terra. Essa radiacao emitida por diferentes camadas da atmosfera solar afeta a atmosfera superior e tambem o clima da Terra. Neste artigo serao descritos os conceitos fisicos sobre a irradiância total e irradiância espectral. Essas medidas sao fundamentais para a modelagem do clima da Terra. Tambem alguns modelos utilizados sao descritos. A relacao entre a irradiância solar e o clima da Terra sera discutido.

/pdf/a-irradiancia-solar-conceitos-basicos-zzwfo2c0c3.pdf

A irradiância solar: conceitos básicos

\n The study of solar radiation in space has become something necessary, motivating the launch of radiometers on board satellites dedicated to perform total solar irradiance (TSI) measurements and to build a record of their behavior over the years, thus making these data essential for meteorology and climatology. In this study, we propose a simplified model to understand the thermal behavior of absolute radiometers, which are used in this type of measurement. The model considers the heat transfer among parts through conduction and loss only by radiation since the instrument operates in a space environment. The goal is to understand how each component interferes with sensitivity and response time of the instrument depending on its design, material, volume, and thermal contact. The model was applied to data generated by a prototype for validation.

Simplified Thermal Model for Absolute Radiometer Simulation

Abstract The Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), which is the total radiation arriving at Earth's atmosphere from the Sun, is one of the most important forcing of the Earths climate. Measurements of the TSI have been made employing instruments on board several space-based platforms during the last four solar cycles. However, combining these measurements is still challenging due to the degradation of the sensor elements and the long-term stability of the electronics. Here we describe the preliminary efforts to design an absolute radiometer based on the principle of electrical substitution that is under development at Brazilian's National Institute for Space Research (INPE).

Franciele Carlesso

Papers

Physical and Optical Properties of Ultra-black Nickel-Phosphorus for a Total Solar Irradiance Measurement

A irradiância solar: conceitos básicos

Design, Implementation and Characterization of Cavity for Absolute Radiometer

Simplified Thermal Model for Absolute Radiometer Simulation

Preliminary Design of the Brazilian's National Institute for Space Research Broadband Radiometer for Solar Observations