Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

In this paper, the use of nanostructured anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is reviewed. Nanostructured materials such as nano-carbons, alloys, metal oxides, and metal sulfides/nitrides have been used as anodes for next-generation LIBs with high reversible capacity, fast power capability, good safety, and long cycle life. This is due to their relatively short mass and charge pathways, high transport rates of both lithium ions and electrons, and other extremely charming surface activities. In this review paper, the effect of the nanostructure on the electrochemical performance of these anodes is presented. Their synthesis processes, electrochemical properties, and electrode reaction mechanisms are also discussed. The major goals of this review are to give a broad overview of recent scientific researches and developments of anode materials using novel nanoscience and nanotechnology and to highlight new progresses in using these nanostructured materials to develop high-performance LIBs. Suggestions and outlooks on future research directions in this field are also given.

Recent developments in nanostructured anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

A review of the electrochemical performance of alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Research to develop alternative electrode materials with high energy densities in Li-ion batteries has been actively pursued to satisfy the power demands for electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles. This critical review focuses on anode materials composed of Group IV and V elements with their composites including Ag and Mg metals as well as transition metal oxides which have been intensively investigated. This critical review is devoted mainly to their electrochemical performances and reaction mechanisms (313 references).

Li-alloy based anode materials for Li secondary batteries.

An update on the reactivity of nanoparticles Co-based compounds towards Li

The crystalline solid CoSb
 3
 with the skutterudite structure was used as the starting cathodic material in Li|LiClO
 4
(propylene carbonate–ethylene carbonate)|CoSb
 3
 cells. The galvanostatic discharge takes place in two successive plateaux around 0.5 V, leading to a maximum capacity of ca. 800 mA h g
 –1
. Further cycling leads to higher voltages and a reversible capacity in the range 350–200 mA h g
 –1
 during the first 10 cycles. The mechanism of the reaction with lithium was studied by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The first discharge involves the irreversible decomposition of the solid to non-crystalline cobalt and Li
 3
Sb alloy. On cycling, the reversible extraction–insertion of lithium in the antimony alloy takes place. Part of the irreversible capacity is ascribable to the formation of a passivating film on the surface of the electrode material, which contains ROCO
 2

 –
 and CO
 3

 2–
 groups. This material shows superior properties relative to a pure antimony electrode and can be considered as an interesting candidate for the negative electrode of lithium-ion cells.

Electrochemical reaction of lithium with the CoSb3 skutterudite

Electrochemical reactions of polycrystalline CrSb2 in lithium batteries

119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy is used in combination with 7Li MAS NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to resolve the details of the different Li−Sn and Li−Sb intermetallics formed during the elec...

X-ray Diffraction, 7Li MAS NMR Spectroscopy, and 119Sn Mössbauer Spectroscopy Study of SnSb-Based Electrode Materials

Lithium insertion mechanism in Sb-based electrode materials from 121Sb Mössbauer spectrometry

The metal−citrate method is applied to the preparation of microcrystalline tin dioxide and aluminum-doped materials. The effect of the precursor composition, referred to as the metal/citrate ratio, and the thermal treatment are discussed. The different compositions produce upon thermal decomposition rutile-type SnO2 solids. For Al-containing oxide materials, Al(III) ions occupy octahedral sites isomorphic to Sn(IV), as shown by 27Al MAS NMR signals at ≈0 ppm and 119Sn Mossbauer signals at 0 mm/s isomer shift and 0.53 mm/s quadrupole splitting, respectively. A large microstrain content is released by successive thermal treatments at 450 °C. Simultaneously, extended defects, which imply deviations from an MO2 stoichiometry, are found upon heating. These phenomena condition the ability of the oxide products to be used as the active anode material in lithium-ion batteries. The best electrochemical performance of lithium anode cells is achieved for 10% Al-containing ex biscitrate oxides in which ≈200 Ah/kg cap...

Francisco J. Fernández-Madrigal

Papers

Electrochemical reaction of lithium with the CoSb3 skutterudite

Electrochemical reactions of polycrystalline CrSb2 in lithium batteries

X-ray Diffraction, 7Li MAS NMR Spectroscopy, and 119Sn Mössbauer Spectroscopy Study of SnSb-Based Electrode Materials

Lithium insertion mechanism in Sb-based electrode materials from 121Sb Mössbauer spectrometry

Preparation, Sintering, and Electrochemical Properties of Tin Dioxide and Al-Doped Tin Dioxides Obtained from Citrate Precursors