Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

This paper reviews the theory and applications of photoacoustic (also called optoacoustic) methods belonging to the more general area of photothermal measurement techniques. The theory covers excitation of gaseous or condensed samples with modulated continuous light beams or pulsed light beams. The applications of photoacoustic methods include spectroscopy, monitoring deexcitation processes, probing physical properties of materials, and generating mechanical motions. Several other related photothermal methods, as well as particle-acoustics and wave-acoustics methods are also described. This review complements an earlier and narrower review [Rev. Mod. Phys. 53, 517 (1981)] that is mainly concerned with sensitive detection by pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy in condensed matter.

Applications of photoacoustic sensing techniques

This compilation revises the 1991 listing of atomic data for the lighter elements from hydrogen to gallium. The tabulation emphasizes resonance lines, i.e., lines whose lower level is the ground state, or an excited fine-structure state of the ground term, and is restricted to wavelengths longward of the H I Lyman limit at 911.753 ?. All but the very weakest known and predicted electric-dipole transitions are included, but no forbidden lines. This paper has attempted to review all data published by the end of 2002.?????The tables contain the best data available to the author on ionization potentials, level designations, vacuum and air wavelengths, lower and upper energy levels, statistical weights, transition probabilities, natural damping constants (reciprocal lifetimes), oscillator strengths, and the often used combinations of log gf and log ?f. All ion stages with relevant classified lines are included. Individual components resulting from isotope shift and hyperfine structure are listed explicitly for certain species. The accompanying text provides references, explanations for the critical selection of data, and notes indicating where new measurements or calculations are needed.?????This compilation should be particularly useful in the analysis of interstellar and quasar absorption lines and other astrophysical sites where the density of particles and radiation is low enough to excite only the lowest atomic levels. The data also are relevant to the study of stellar atmospheres, and gaseous nebulae.?????An Appendix summarizes new data relevant to the similar compilation in Paper II for the elements germanium to uranium.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/377639/pdf

Atomic Data for Resonance Absorption Lines. III. Wavelengths Longward of the Lyman Limit for the Elements Hydrogen to Gallium

The measurements of the hyperfine structure of free, naturally occurring, alkali atoms are reviewed. The experimental methods are discussed, as are the relationships between hyperfine structure data and other atomic constants.

Experimental determinations of the hyperfine structure in the alkali atoms

The authors review the history, current status, physical mechanisms, experimental methods, and applications of nonlinear magneto-optical effects in atomic vapors. They begin by describing the pioneering work of Macaluso and Corbino over a century ago on linear magneto-optical effects (in which the properties of the medium do not depend on the light power) in the vicinity of atomic resonances. These effects are then contrasted with various nonlinear magneto-optical phenomena that have been studied both theoretically and experimentally since the late 1960s. In recent years, the field of nonlinear magneto-optics has experienced a revival of interest that has led to a number of developments, including the observation of ultranarrow (1-Hz) magneto-optical resonances, applications in sensitive magnetometry, nonlinear magneto-optical tomography, and the possibility of a search for parity- and time-reversal-invariance violation in atoms.

Resonant nonlinear magneto-optical effects in atoms

IR-FIR Transferred lamb-dip spectroscopy in optically pumped molecular lasers

The technique of optical pumping in polar molecules is the most efficient for Far-Infrared (FIR) laser generation, providing also a versatile and powerful tool for molecular spectroscopy in this spectral region. Methanol (CH[sub 3]OH) and its isotopic varieties are the best media for optically pumped FIR laser, with over thousand lines observed, and the most widely used for investigations and applications. In this sense, it is important to organize and make available catalogues of FIR laser lines as complete as possible. Since the last critical reviews of 1984 on methanol and its isotopic varieties, over a hundred papers have been published dealing with hundreds of new FIR laser lines. In 1992 a review of FIR laser lines from CH[sub 3]OH was presented. In this communication we extend this work to the other methanol isotopes, namely CH[sub 3]OD, CD[sub 3]OH, CD[sub 3]OD, [sup 13]CH[sub 3]OH, [sup 13]CD[sub 3]OH, [sup 13]CD[sub 3]OD, CH[sub 3][sup 18]OH, CH[sub 2]DOH, CHD[sub 2]OH and CH[sub 2]DOD. 82 refs., 11 tabs.

A review of optically pumped far-infrared laser lines from methanol isotopes

Methyl alcohol is the most important lasing molecule in the Far-Infrared (FIR) spectral region, and the most widely used for investigation and for applications. Since the last critical review of 1984, over seventy papers have been published dealing with the FIR laser lines and the infrared spectroscopy of CH3OH. In 1984 we could list about 330 FIR laser lines, 98 of which were measured in frequency and 105 assigned. Since then more than 70 papers were published increasing the number of the known laser lines to 575 (103 measured in frequency). Also the FIR and IR spectroscopy was largely improved thanks to the analysis of high resolution FT spectra, and the number of the correctly assigned laser lines has been increased to 224. The wavenumbers of the assigned lines can now be predicted with an accuracy of about 0.001 cm−1 or better, thus approaching the accuracy of the experimental frequency measurements.

Far infrared-laser lines and assignments of ch3oh - a review

Reviews of infrared and millimeter waves

We have measured the hyperfine relaxation time of cesium vapor in the presence of foreign gases. We have therefore been able to measure the diffusion coefficient ${D}_{0}$ and the cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}〈\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{I}}〉$ of hyperfine relaxation due to the collisions with the foreign gas. The values of ${D}_{0}$ for He, Ne, Ar, and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ are 0.204\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 0.153\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014, 0.134\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, and 0.073\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 760 Torr, respectively. The cross sections are 2.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3, 9.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9, 104\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10, and 55.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.4 in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for He, Ne, Ar, and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, respectively. We have also improved on the measurement of the spin-exchange cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ex}}$ obtaining the value (2.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. We compare the problems arising in the study of hyperfine and Zeeman relaxation and we discuss the results.

Franco Strumia

Papers

IR-FIR Transferred lamb-dip spectroscopy in optically pumped molecular lasers

A review of optically pumped far-infrared laser lines from methanol isotopes

Far infrared-laser lines and assignments of ch3oh - a review

Reviews of infrared and millimeter waves

Foreign-Gas-Induced Cesium Hyperfine Relaxation