Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd the perception of the visual world to read.

The Perception of the Visual World. By James J. Gibson. U.S.A.: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950 (George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London). Price 35s.

This paper presents a new method for estimating the parameters of multi-channel pilot models that is based on maximum likelihood estimation. To cope with the inherent nonlinearity of this optimization problem, the gradient-based Gauss-Newton algorithm commonly used to optimize the likelihood function in terms of output error is complemented with a genetic algorithm. This significantly increases the probability of finding the global optimum of the optimization problem. The genetic maximum likelihood method is successfully applied to data from a recent human-in-the-loop experiment. Accurate estimates of the pilot model parameters and the remnant characteristics were obtained. Multiple simulations with increasing levels of pilot remnant were performed, using the set of parameters found from the experimental data, to investigate how the accuracy of the parameter estimate is affected by increasing remnant. It is shown that only for very high levels of pilot remnant the bias in the parameter estimates is substantial. Some adjustments to the maximum likelihood method are proposed to reduce this bias.

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Modeling Human Multimodal Perception and Control Using Genetic Maximum Likelihood Estimation

This paper introduces a two-step identification method of human multichannel perception and control. In the first step, frequency response functions are identified using linear time-invariant models. The analytical predictions of bias and variance in the estimated frequency response functions are validated using Monte Carlo simulations of a closed-loop control task and contrasted to a conventional method using Fourier coefficients. For both methods, the analytical predictions are reliable, but the linear time-invariant method has lower bias and variance than Fourier coefficients. It is further shown that the linear time-invariant method is more robust to higher levels of pilot remnant. Finally, both methods were successfully applied to experimental data from closed-loop control tasks with pilots.

Modeling Human Multichannel Perception and Control Using Linear Time-Invariant Models

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a recent concept proposed for solving the urban mobility problem,
such as urban traffic pollution, congestion and noises Before introducing UAM to the market,
demand could be evaluated by understanding the potential users’ choice behaviour regarding
current existing urban transportation modes and new autonomous transportation services, in
a hypothetical UAM environment This research intends to gain insight into the travel behaviour
impacts of autonomous transportation modes and notably, UAM, by deriving measures for
transportation service attributes and by identifying the characteristics of potential users who
are likely to adopt the autonomous transportation services, particularly the services of UAM

For this purpose, a stated preference survey including a stated choice experiment was
designed and conducted A main mode choice multinomial logit (MNL) model and several submodels
based on the profiles of the respondents were developed, regarding four transportation
alternatives, namely private car, public transportation (PT), autonomous taxi (AT) and
autonomous flying taxi (AFT)

The results indicate that travel time, travel cost and safety may be critical determinants of the
adoption of the autonomous transportation modes Moreover, the respondents having
relatively higher value of time (VOT) may be willing to pay more for using autonomous
transportation modes, especially the service of UAM The results also suggest that youngeraged
individuals and older-aged individuals with high income may be more likely to accept the
service of UAM In addition, the impact of trip purpose on the adoption of UAM was also
revealed through the examination of the survey results and the model analysis

/pdf/exploring-preferences-for-transportation-modes-in-an-urban-43mwh9vwub.pdf

Exploring Preferences for Transportation Modes in an Urban Air Mobility Environment: a Munich Case Study

This paper introduces the CableRobot simulator, which was developed at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in cooperation with the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA. The simulator is a completely novel approach to the design of motion simulation platforms in so far as it uses cables and winches for actuation instead of rigid links known from hexapod simulators. This approach allows to reduce the actuated mass, scale up the workspace significantly, and provides great flexibility to switch between system configurations in which the robot can be operated. The simulator will be used for studies in the field of human perception research and virtual reality applications. The paper dicusses some of the issues arising from the usage of cables and provides a system overview regarding kinematics and system dynamics as well as giving a brief introduction into possible application use cases.

The CableRobot simulator large scale motion platform based on cable robot technology

The research discussed in this paper focuses on the influence of physical motion and visual display field of view on the perception and control of self-motion direction in unstructured optical flow environments. In an experiment the visual display field of view and the motion cues were systematically varied to identify their effects on the pilot behavioural response. To understand the dynamic properties of human visual and motion perception a cybernetic approach is taken. The experiment confirmed that performance was significantly better when the error is presented explicitly. The addition of peripheral vision, however, did not affect performance. When physical motion is added, the performance is not influenced when presenting the error explicitly, but with implicit presentation of the error, an increase of performance was found. With an increase of motion cues the visual perception gain increases. Tentatively, pilots are more confident to act on the visual information available in flow displays. When the amount of physical motion is increased the motion perception gain decreases. Apparently, pilots try harder to perceive the motion when less physical motion is provided. When using implicit presentations of the error pilots rely more heavily on motion cues. When using flow field presentations, the visual time delay of the pilot increases approximately 150 [ms]. Using the implicit presentation of the error increasing the visual display field of view also leads to an increase in the time to perceive visual cues. The increase is approximately 20 [ms] and is significant. The pilots also rely more heavily on motion cues in this case.

Perception of Visual and Motion Cues During Control of Self-Motion in Optic Flow Environments

The MPI CyberMotion Simulator provides a unique motion platform, as it features an anthropomorphic robot with a large workspace, combined with an actuated cabin and a linear track for lateral movement. This paper introduces the simulator as a tool for studying human perception, and compares its characteristics to conventional Stewart platforms. Furthermore, an experimental evaluation is presented in which multimodal human control behavior is studied by identifying the visual and vestibular responses of participants in a roll-lateral helicopter hover task. The results show that the simulator motion allows participants to increase tracking performance by changing their control strategy, shifting from reliance on visual error perception to reliance on simulator motion cues. The MPI CyberMotion Simulator has proven to be a state-of-the-art motion simulator for psychophysical research to study humans with various experimental paradigms, ranging from passive perception experiments to active control tasks, such as driving a car or flying a helicopter.

The MPI cybermotion simulator: A novel research platform to investigate human control behavior

Haptic aids have been largely used in manual control tasks to complement the visual information through the sense of touch. To analytically design a haptic aid, adequate knowledge is needed about h...

Pilot Adaptation to Different Classes of Haptic Aids in Tracking Tasks

For simulator fidelity research, insight into pilot control behaviour is an important tool. As pilots use multiple cues for the perception of self-motion, the control behaviour can be described with multi-channel pilot models. For identification of these models in the frequency domain a method using Fourier Coefficients is commonly used. In this paper an identification method using MISO ARX models is introduced and compared with the previous method using simulations. This method explicitly accounts for the remnant of the pilot, yielding continuous estimates of the pilot describing functions with lower variance. It is shown that this results in better estimates of the cross-over frequencies, phase margins and pilot model parameters. The forcing functions are subject to fewer constraints and are not required to be multi-sine signals commonly used in human operator research.

Frank M. Nieuwenhuizen

Papers

Modeling Human Multichannel Perception and Control Using Linear Time-Invariant Models

Perception of Visual and Motion Cues During Control of Self-Motion in Optic Flow Environments

The MPI cybermotion simulator: A novel research platform to investigate human control behavior

Pilot Adaptation to Different Classes of Haptic Aids in Tracking Tasks

A New Multi-Channel Pilot Model Identification Method for Use in Assessment of Simulator Fidelity