Studies of heat and mass exchange between leaves and their local environment are central to our understanding of plant-atmosphere interactions. The transfer across aerodynamic leaf boundary layers is generally described by non-dimensional expressions which reflect largely empirical adaptations of engineering models derived for flat plates. This paper reviews studies on leaves, and leaf models with varying degrees of abstraction, in free and forced convection. It discusses implecations of finding for leaf morphology as it affects – and is affected by – the local microclimate. Predictions of transfer from many leaves in plant communities are complicated by physical and physiological feedback mechanisms between leaves and their environment. Some common approaches, and the current challenge of integrating leaf-atmosphere interactions into models of global relevance, are also briefly addressed.

Tansley Review No. 59 Leaf boundary layers

Current status of droplet evaporation in turbulent flows

The present invention relates to an absorption cycle comprising a refrigerant pair comprising at least one refrigerant and at least one ionic liquid. The present invention also provides an absorption cycle that utilizes fluorocarbon gases in fluorinated ionic liquids. The present invention also provides a method of cooling using an absorption cycle comprising a refrigerant pair comprising at least one refrigerant and at least one ionic liquid. The present invention also provides a method of heating using an absorption cycle comprising a refrigerant pair comprising at least one refrigerant and at least one ionic liquid.

Absorption cycle utilizing ionic liquid as working fluid

The present invention relates to a hybrid vapor compression - absorption cycle comprising a refrigerant pair comprising at least one refrigerant and at least one ionic liquid. The present invention also provides a hybrid vapor compression - absorption cycle that utilizes fluorocarbon gases in fluorinated ionic liquids. The present invention also provides a method of cooling using an hybrid vapor compression - absorption cycle comprising a refrigerant pair comprising at least one refrigerant and at least one ionic liquid. The present invention also provides a method of heating using an hybrid vapor compression - absorption cycle comprising a refrigerant pair comprising at least one refrigerant and at least one ionic liquid.

Hybrid vapor compression-absorption cycle

Ammonia-lithium nitrate absorption chiller with an integrated low-pressure compression booster cycle for low driving temperatures.

A conventional absorption refrigeration system is combined in series with a vapor compression refrigeration system to effect the improvement, which comprises compressing the vapor refrigerant from the evaporator before introducing it into the absorber and/or compressing the vapor refrigerant from the generator before introducing it into the condenser. One bypass permits direct operation as a vapor-compression refrigeration system. Bypasses also permit direct operation as an absorption system.

Combined absorption and vapor-compression refrigeration system

The effect of free stream turbulence on the heat transfer from the stagnation point of a sphere

A hybrid solar air conditioning system

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Discussion: “Heat Flux Through a Strip-Heated Flat Plate” (Schmitz, R. A., 1970, ASME J. Heat Transfer, 92, pp. 201–202)

In the design of convective fins, stochastic variations in fin dimensions have traditionally been handled by the use of safety factors. Often this process results in a multiplication of safety factors and thus an overly expensive design. This paper presents a probabilistic approach that not only analyzes the probability of system failure but also uses this analysis to synthesize the optimal design. Four methods of varying accuracy and difficulty are described and compared. The method based on the RMS approximation for the variances appears to be most useful for design purposes.

Frederick A. Costello

Papers

Combined absorption and vapor-compression refrigeration system

The effect of free stream turbulence on the heat transfer from the stagnation point of a sphere

A hybrid solar air conditioning system

Discussion: “Heat Flux Through a Strip-Heated Flat Plate” (Schmitz, R. A., 1970, ASME J. Heat Transfer, 92, pp. 201–202)

Stochastic Optimization of Convective-Fin Design