Friedrich Schneider

TL;DR: In this paper, the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries is estimated using various methods, and the average size varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD countries, to 23 percent for transition countries and 39 percent for developing countries.

TL;DR: In this paper, four models explaining the flow of foreign direct investment in 80 less developed countries are econometrically estimated and compared by ex post forecasts, and a politico-economic model which simultaneously includes economic and political determinants performs best.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present estimates of the shadow economy for 110 countries, including developing, transition and developed OECD economies, and the average size of shadow economy as a proportion of official GDP in 1999-2000 in developing countries was 41%, in transition countries 38, and in OECD countries 17%.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present estimations of shadow economies for 162 countries, including developing, Eastern European, Central Asian and high income OECD countries over 1999 to 2006/2007, and find that an increased burden of taxation (direct and indirect ones), combined with (labour market) regulations and the quality of public goods and services as well as the state of the ‘official’ economy are the driving forces of the shadow economy.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented estimations of the shadow economies for 162 countries, including developing, Eastern European, Central Asian, and high-income countries over the period 1999 to 2006/2007.