Fujio Hyodo

TL;DR: The main role of symbiotic fungi is to degrade lignin, so that the termites can utilize cellulose more efficiently, whereas in Odontotermes spp.

TL;DR: Results confirm the ‘lignin degradation hypothesis’ that the role of the mutualistic fungi is to degrade lignin and enhance the digestibility of cellulose for the termites, suggesting the ability of the termite–fungus association to make extremely efficient use of plant material.

TL;DR: This review presents how stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes have been used to reveal the trophic ecology of insects over the last 30 years and how isotope analysis can become an essential tool in the exploration of insect trophIC ecology in terms of biogeochemical C and N cycles.

TL;DR: The compositions of both the dissolved elements and the Sr and S isotopes in the water of Lake Biwa can be approximately reproduced by simple mixing of the tributary water, indicating that these components provide effective indices for evaluating the relationship between the waters of the lake and its tributaries.

TL;DR: It is suggested that zygomorphic flowers which deviate from a horizontal orientation may have lower fitness because of decreased pollen transfer, and altered the angle of Commelina communis flowers suggested that the horizontal orientation of zygonic flowers enhances pollen transfer by both facilitating pollinator recognition and controlling pollinator landing position.