Carbonate minerals are a common constituent of lacustrine sediments. The great variability with respect to geological setting, climatic environment, water chemistry, and biological activity limits generalizations about mechanisms of carbonate sedimentation. On the whole, in constrast to an oceanic environment, the bulk of primary lacustrine carbonates are inorganic chemical precipitates. Two distinctly different geological settings can be recognized: (1) carbonate and evaporite deposition in brine lakes or on playas in arid regions (see Chap. 8, this volume), and (2) carbonate sedimentation in fresh- and brackish-water lakes in humid regions. Occurrences of lacustrine chalks and marls in young geological formations of temperate regions have been described since the time of Lyell (1830). In northern America and Europe, Late Quaternary chalks were found near still existing lakes and their genesis was related to a postglacial period of climatic amelioration (e.g., Heim, 1919). Typically, these deposits are fine grained, either rhythmically laminated or massive, white to dull-yellowish gray chalks to marls. This distinction is qualitative based on a bulk carbonate content boundary around 60%. The dominant mineral is calcite. Similar varve-like carbonate or marl sediments were found in older lacustrine deposits (e.g., Bradley, 1929). Nipkow (1920) described recent analogies to laminated lacustrine carbonates in Lake Zurich; the light laminae are rich in CaCO3. Forel (1901) early recognized a biological role, but Minder (1922, 1926) developed the concept of inorganic, biogenically induced calcite precipitation. Meanwhile lacustrine marls in regions of Quaternary glaciation around the Great Lakes in North America were studied (e.g., Davis, 1901; Pollock, 1918). Calcite precipitation in those biologically active hardwater lakes (e.g., Halbfass, 1923; Ruttner, 1962; Pia, 1933; Ohle, 1952; Hutchinson, 1957; Wetzel, 1975) was soon related to extraction of Co2 during photosynthesis by algae.

Freshwater Carbonate Sedimentation

A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world

Mineral formation by bacteria in natural microbial communities

The purpose of this review is to present and discuss current knowledge on the role played by bacteria in the carbon cycle of ecosystems. The ecological experience of the authors explains why our examples are mainly derived from aquatic systems; many of the discussed principles, however, apply equally well to terrestrial systems. In fact the one environmental requirement common to all microorganisms is the presence of free water, and in a sense all microorganisms are aquatic organisms.

Detritus Food Chains of Aquatic Ecosystems: The Role of Bacteria

The published literature on the use of sediment traps has been reviewed and used to validate the conclusions of a theoretical analysis of the physical factors affecting the trapping of particles. Both practical and theoretical considerations lead us to recommed that the ‘best’ sediment trap for use in limnology is a simple cylinder with a diameter of from 5 to 20 cm and aspect ratio (ratio of length to diameter) of greater than 5 for small lakes and greater than 10 for more turbulent water bodies. We also demonstrate the need to know the approximate particle Reynolds number of particles being collected by sediment traps. A number of considerations lead us to advise against the use of collars, lattices, baffles, lids or refeence chambers. Recommendations are made on minimizing the unresolved problem of mineralization of organic material and on optimum length of exposure times, mooring systems, trap holding frames and sample handling.

/pdf/a-critical-review-of-sedimentation-trap-technique-4penxrzh5c.pdf

A critical review of sedimentation trap technique

The activities of calcium and carbonate in Fayetteville Green Lake were estimated from detailed seasonal measurements of pH, calcium, and titration alkalinity. By comparison of observed ion activity products (IAP) for Ca2+ and CO32− with the calcite equilibrium activity product (Kcq), the water column was found to be supersaturated throughout the year. In the surface waters of the mixolimnion, the ratio IAP: Keq increased from 2 to 4 in winter to 6 to 8 during late May through October.

Precipitation of calcite was confirmed by collection of crystals in the water column by filtration, identification by X-ray diffraction, and quantitative measurement by a gas chromatographic technique. Maximal crystal loads of 35 g CaCO3 m−2 in the water column occurred in June and July (1965–1967), while calcite loads in fall, winter, and early spring were reduced by an order of magnitude. From isopleths of suspended calcite, settling rates of 2–4 in day−1 were estimated for spring, which was close to values predicted from Stokes’ Law.

About 90% of the total sedimentation occurred from June through October, and 80% of this mass was calcite. The laminae occurring in monimolimnetic sediments were regarded as annual couplets resulting from seasonal sedimentation of calcite, with deposition of organic matter throughout the year. The sedimentation rate derived from sediment trap data was 300 g dry matter m−2 yr−1. From the chemical composition of these samples, sedimentation rates were derived for CaCO3, acid insoluble organic carbon, acid insoluble nitrogen, and total nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, and iron.

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0830

Fayetteville green lake, new york. ii. precipitation and sedimentation of calcite in a meromictic lake with laminated sediments1

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0862

Fayetteville green lake, new york. v. studies of primary production and zooplankton in a meromictic marl lake1

A new bathymetric map of Fayetteville Green Lake, New York, has been made. From morphometric parameters and an approximation of the density differential between the mixolimnion and monimolimnion ( Ap = 0.6 X lob3 g cmm3), a meromictic stability of 1,700 g-cm cme2 was estimated. From semimonthly measurements of temperature over a 2-yr period, the work of the wind in distributing summer mixolimnetic heat income ( 16,800 g cal cms2) was 760 g-cm cm-‘. Surface runoff from the 4.33 km2 drainage area of Green and Round Lakes supplies less than 50% of the observed outflow of Green Lake (3.3 x 10” m3/yr) in 1967. A theoretical replenishment time of the total Green Lake water mass was estimated as 2 to 3 years, or 1.0 to 1.7 years if the monimolimnion was considered static. Concentrations of major elements are given for the Green Lake water column and for groundwater of the area.

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0817

Fayetteville green lake, new york. i. physical and chemical limnology1

ARSTRACT Differences in concentrations of major ions and silica bctwecn interstitial and lake watcl suggest that some fraction of the total chemical budget of a lake may bc supported by diffusional flux of dissolved constituents from sediment into lake water. Estimates of flux from the lake floor give a mean rate of dissolution of sediment or the rate of subaqueous weathering. In the case of two lakes on the Precambrian shield near Kcnora, Ontario, flux from the lake floor contributes X-30010, or less, of the four major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) in the lakes. Flux of this magnitude corresponds to dissolution of 0.02-0.04 cm yr-‘ of bulk (solids + water) sediment. The rate of dissolution is less than the typical rates of deposition in postglacial lakes. For such events as lasting changes in the concentrations of dissolved constituents in inflow, new steady-state concentrations in lake water are attained faster in the presence of flux from the sediment. Mixing of a thin layer of lake floor sediment with lake water may produce transient increases in concentration in lake water

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1971.16.6.0880

Migration of major constituents from lake sediments into lake water and its bearing on lake water composition

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0858

G. J. Brunskill

Papers

Fayetteville green lake, new york. ii. precipitation and sedimentation of calcite in a meromictic lake with laminated sediments1

Fayetteville green lake, new york. v. studies of primary production and zooplankton in a meromictic marl lake1

Fayetteville green lake, new york. i. physical and chemical limnology1

Migration of major constituents from lake sediments into lake water and its bearing on lake water composition

Fayetteville green lake, new york. iv. interstitial water chemistry of the sediments1