Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

1 Introduction 2 Electromagnetic Transients 3 Synchronous Machine Modeling 4 Synchronous Machine Control Models 5 Single-Machine Dynamic Models 6 Multimachine Dynamic Models 7 Multimachine Simulation 8 Small-Signal Stability 9 Energy Function Methods Appendix A: Integral Manifolds for Model Bibliography Index

Power System Dynamics and Stability

Phasor Measurement Techniques.- Phasor Estimation of Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Phasor Estimation at Off-Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Frequency Estimation.- Phasor Measurement Units and Phasor Data Concentrators.- Transient Response of Phasor Measurement Units.- Phasor Measurement Applications.- State Estimation.- Control with Phasor Feedback.- Protection Systems with Phasor Inputs.- Electromechanical Wave Propagation.

Synchronized Phasor Measurements and Their Applications

1. Introduction. 2. The Nature of Power System Oscillations. 3. Modal Analysis of Power Systems. 4. Modal Analysis for Control. 5. Power System Structure and Oscillations. 6. Generator Controls. 7. Power System Stabilizers. 8. Power System Stabilizers - Problems and Solutions. 9. Robust Control. 10. Damping by Electronic Power System Devices. A1. Model Data Formats and Block Diagrams. A2. Equal Eigenvalues. Index.

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Power System Oscillations

This paper discusses the major features and design objectives of the IEEE-1588 standard. Recent performance results of prototype implementations of this standard in an Ethernet environment are presented. Potential areas of application of this standard are outlined.

IEEE 1588 standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems

IEEE Standard 1344, Synchrophasors for Power Systems, was completed in 1995. It sets parameters required to ensure that phasor measurement will be made and communicated in a consistent manner. It specifies requirements for the timing signal used for phasor synchronization and the time code needed for input to a measurement unit. GPS is the recommended time source and IRIG-B is the basic format used for time communication. The standard requires correlating phasors computed from unsynchronized and synchronized sampling to a common basis. Timetagging accurately and consistently is essential for wide area comparison of phase. The standard specifies information exchange and control message formats. These include data output, configuration, and command messages. It includes 7 annexes that discuss the concepts covered in the body of the standard.

IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems

System-wide disturbances in power systems are a challenging problem for the utility industry because of the large scale and the complexity of the power system. When a major power system disturbance occurs, protection and control actions are required to stop the power system degradation, restore the system to a normal state, and minimize the impact of the disturbance. In some cases, the present control actions are not designed for a fast-developing disturbance and may be too slow. The report explores special protection schemes and new technologies for advanced, wide-area protection. There seems to be a great potential for advanced wide-area protection and control systems, based on powerful, flexible and reliable system protection terminals, high speed, communication, and GPS synchronization in conjunction with careful and skilled engineering by power system analysts and protection engineers in cooperation.

Wide-Area Protection and Emergency Control

This paper describes the concept of utilizing time synchronized sampling over an entire power system to simultaneously obtain the phasor values of voltages and currents at particular instants of time. Uses of the phasors are reviewed and the necessary accuracy of synchronization for several applications is established for magnitude and angle of the phasors. Various methods of providing synchronizing signals are examined, and a possible format for transmitting the phasor measurements to remote locations is described. Finally, some possibilities for applications of this technique in protection and control tasks of the future are explored. >

Synchronized sampling and phasor measurements for relaying and control

Wide area measurements have been widely used in the energy management systems (EMS) of power systems for monitoring, operation, and control. In recent years, the advent of synchronized phasor measurements has added another dimension to the field of wide-area measurements. At the same time, the field of protection systems has been dominated by computer based relays, which make it relatively easy to communicate with relays and thus include them in many innovative protection systems. Special Protection Systems (SPS) or Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) are one example of integration of communication and protection systems. In recent years—due to operational demands imposed on transmission networks by deregulation it has become clearer that wide-area measurements and their integration in protection and control systems is a necessity. This paper documents the state-of-the-art in modern sensor, communication, and protection technologies which show great potential for innovations in protection and control systems for the future.

Wide Area Protection&#8212;Technology and Infrastructures

The paper describes one of the first field measurements of positive sequence voltage phasors at key system buses during a switching operation at Plant Scherer of the Georgia Power Company. The phasor measurements were synchronized using time transmissions from the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The data show the first ever observation of power swings recorded via synchronized phasors at several points on an integrated power network. Measurements were made on the Georgia Power Company (GPC) system, the Florida Power and Light (FPL) system, and on the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system. The disturbance was also simulated on a stability program. Results of the simulation, and a comparison with the observed field data are also included. >

G.L. Michel

Papers

IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems

Wide-Area Protection and Emergency Control

Synchronized sampling and phasor measurements for relaying and control

Wide Area Protection—Technology and Infrastructures

Synchronized phasor measurements of a power system event

G.L. Michel

Papers

IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems

Wide-Area Protection and Emergency Control

Synchronized sampling and phasor measurements for relaying and control

Wide Area Protection&#8212;Technology and Infrastructures

Synchronized phasor measurements of a power system event

Wide Area Protection—Technology and Infrastructures