Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

Phasor Measurement Techniques.- Phasor Estimation of Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Phasor Estimation at Off-Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Frequency Estimation.- Phasor Measurement Units and Phasor Data Concentrators.- Transient Response of Phasor Measurement Units.- Phasor Measurement Applications.- State Estimation.- Control with Phasor Feedback.- Protection Systems with Phasor Inputs.- Electromechanical Wave Propagation.

Synchronized Phasor Measurements and Their Applications

Communication network requirements for major smart grid applications in HAN, NAN and WAN

As background, we describe frequently used feedforward wide-area discontinuous power system stability controls. Then we describe online demonstration of a new response-based (feedback) Wide-Area stability and voltage Control System (WACS). The control system uses powerful discontinuous actions for power system stabilization. The control system comprises phasor measurements at many substations, fiber-optic communications, real-time deterministic computers, and transfer trip output signals to circuit breakers at many other substations and power plants. Finally, we describe future development of WACS. WACS is developed as a flexible platform to prevent blackouts and facilitate electrical commerce.

WACS-Wide-Area Stability and Voltage Control System: R&D and Online Demonstration

This paper provides a tutorial introduction to phasor measurement units (PMU) when applied in a power system environment, provides an overview of communication alternatives for wide area measurement systems (WAMS), and computes the delay budget for each type of communication link. The goal of this study is to provide data regarding the communication delay that can be incorporated into the analysis and simulation of WAMS.

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Communication delays in wide area measurement systems

IEEE Standard 1344, Synchrophasors for Power Systems, was completed in 1995. It sets parameters required to ensure that phasor measurement will be made and communicated in a consistent manner. It specifies requirements for the timing signal used for phasor synchronization and the time code needed for input to a measurement unit. GPS is the recommended time source and IRIG-B is the basic format used for time communication. The standard requires correlating phasors computed from unsynchronized and synchronized sampling to a common basis. Timetagging accurately and consistently is essential for wide area comparison of phase. The standard specifies information exchange and control message formats. These include data output, configuration, and command messages. It includes 7 annexes that discuss the concepts covered in the body of the standard.

G.R. Jensen

Papers

IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors for Power Systems