A review on chemical coagulation/flocculation technologies for removal of colour from textile wastewaters.

Biological nitrate removal from water and wastewater by solid-phase denitrification process.

In infrastructure management, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) has emerged as a decision support tool to integrate various technical information and stakeholder values. Different MCDM techniques and tools have been developed. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the application of MCDM literature in the field of infrastructure management. Approximately 300 published papers were identified that report MCDM applications in the field of infrastructure management during 1980–2012. The reviewed papers are classified into application to the type of infrastructure (e.g. bridges and pipes), and prevalent decision or intervention (e.g. repair and rehabilitate). In addition, the papers were also classified according to MCDM methods used in the analysis. The paper provides taxonomy of those articles and identifies trends and new developments in MCDM methods. The results suggest that there is a significant growth in MCDM applications in infrastructure management applications of MCDM over the last decade...

A review of multi-criteria decision-making methods for infrastructure management

Activated sludge bulking and foaming control

This book presents survey results on priority ranking of watershed management criteria. This survey was completed by 30 undergraduate and postgraduate students from Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The students were registered in various programs run by the Faculty in Semester 1, 2012. The applications of three weighting methods namely rating, ranking, and ratio are discussed in the book. We have also done data mining on some keywords using three popular scholar databases. These databases include sciencedirect, scopus, and sciverse. Four abbreviated keywords (MCDM, MCDA, MCA, MADM) used to represent multi-criteria decision-making were used and these three databases were searched for different popular weighting methods for a period of 13 years (2000–2012). The findings of data mining are presented in this book. Overall, this book presents a review of weighting methods applied in various multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods.

Weighting Methods and their Effects on Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model Outcomes in Water Resources Management

In this study, spatial and seasonal variations of water quality in Haraz River Basin were evaluated using multivariate statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis and factor analysis. Water quality data collected from 8 sampling stations in river during 4 seasons (Summer and Autumn of 2007, Winter and Spring of 2008) were analyzed for 10 parameters (dissolved oxygen, Fecal Coliform, pH, water temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, total phosphate, turbidity, total solid and discharge). Cluster analysis grouped eight sampling stations into three clusters of similar water quality features and thereupon the whole river basin may be categorized into three zones, i.e. low, moderate and high pollution. The principle component analysis/factor analysis assisted to extract and recognize the factors or origins responsible for water quality variations in four seasons of the year. The natural parameters (temperature and discharge), the inorganic parameter (total solid) and the organic nutrients (nitrate) were the most significant parameters contributing to water quality variations for all seasons. Result of principal component analysis and factor analysis evinced that, a parameter that can be significant in contribution to water quality variations in river for one season, may less or not be significant for another one.

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Evaluation of spatial and seasonal variations in surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques

This paper presents an application of the analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methods for selecting the best wastewater treatment process. The analytical hierarchy process is one of the best ways for deciding among the complex criteria structure in different levels, and the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is a synthetic extension of the classical method when the fuzziness of the decision makers are considered. After reviewing aerobic treatment processes operated in Iran's industrial estates and determining the main criteria used for treatment process evaluation, they are arranged in a hierarchy structure. Selection of the best wastewater treatment process is a multi-criteria decision making problem. Conventional methods are inadequate for dealing with the imprecise or vague nature of linguistic assessment. To overcome this difficulty, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is proposed for dealing with the vagueness of decision makers' judgments. The alternatives consist of extended aeration, absorption bio-oxidation, integrated fixed-film activated sludge, sequencing batch reactor, aerated lagoon. Based on the general condition of industrial estate's wastewater treatment plants, technical/administrative, economic and environmental criteria and their sub-criteria are weighted and then criteria evaluated and priorities of alternatives have been done by analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methods by the use of triangular fuzzy numbers. Finally, selection of the best process and ranking of these five processes are carried out by these foregoing methods, and some sensitivity analyses are conducted to show the results' sensitiveness to the changes of the weights of the evaluation criteria.

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Selection of wastewater treatment process based on the analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methods

Aras water basin is located in northwest of Iran. Sungun mine which is the largest open-cast copper mine of Iran is located in this region and is in the primary stages of extraction. The influence of mining activity on the quality of regional surface water has been taken in to consideration in this study. Accordingly, sampling was done from 5 local streams in the study area. In order to consider the effect of flow quantity on the amount of different parameters, sampling was done in July and November 2005 when the local streams had the minimum and maximum flow rate respectively. The concentrations of major anions and cations as well as As, Mo, Al, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn were determined. The results showed that the concentrations of metallic ions like aluminum, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum and iron in samples collected in July are above USEPA (Environmental Protection Agency) limits; however, mentioned concentrations are lessened remarkably in the samples collected in November. This fact is justified considering dilution of ions concentration via more amount of water in November. The chemical characteristics of water compositions on the basis of major ion concentrations were evaluated on a Schoeller and Piper diagram. Accordingly, the dominant type of water in July and November is considered to be Ca-HCO3 (calcium-bicarbonate type). Regarding Schoeller diagram, despite relatively high concentration of calcium, the current status of local surface water is acceptable for drinking purposes. By commencing mining excavation with designed capacity in near future, the minerals will come in to contact with air and water resulting in dissolution, especially in ponds, which, in turn, increases the concentration of heavy metals in surface water. Considering consequent uses of this water including drinking, irrigation, industrial, etc. precautions must be taken in to consideration.

/pdf/influence-of-copper-mine-on-surface-water-quality-2le95or2hu.pdf

Influence of copper mine on surface water quality

Sungun mine is the largest open-cast copper mine in northwest of Iran and is in the primary stages of extraction. The influence of mining activity on the quality of regional groundwater has been taken in to consideration in this study. Accordingly, sampling was done from 22 springs in the study area. The concentrations of major anions and cations as well as Al, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Zn were determined for all 22 spring samples in mid-August 2005. The results showed that the concentrations of most of these elements were below the USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits; however, Al and Fe concentrations are considered to be more than limits in a couple of samples. Despite the fact that geological formations are highly weathered and fractured, the dissolution of minerals within the study area is low. This may be justified by the relatively high alkalinity of local underground water which keeps metals in solid phase and does not let them enter dissolved phase. Additionally, this may be attributed to the high velocity of groundwater flows, which do not give enough time for minerals to dissolve. Correlation coefficients among water chemistry components were determined and the weighted-pair group method was chosen for cluster analysis. Accordingly, high correlation among Al, Fe and Cr, Cd ,and Cu, sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and Na as well as total hardness (TH), Ca, and Mg were observed. The chemical characteristics of water compositions on the basis of major ion concentrations were evaluated on a Schoeller and Piper diagram. Accordingly, the dominant type of water in the region is considered to be Ca-HCO3 (calcium-bicarbonate type). However, this type of water is also rich in Na, K, and especially Mg. Regarding Schoeller diagram, the current status of local underground water is good for drinking purposes. By commencing mining excavation with designed capacity in near future, the minerals will come into contact with air and water resulting in dissolution, especially in ponds, which, in turn, will increase the concentration of toxic metals in groundwater. Considering future uses of this water including for drinking, irrigation, industrial purposes, etc., precautions must be taken in to consideration.

Influence of Sungun copper mine on groundwater quality, NW Iran

In recent years, water pollution and pesticide residues in the food chain have become a serious environmental and health hazard problem. Therefore, an efficient technology is essential for complete mineralization of pesticides to non-toxic forms. Nanotechnology offers many potential benefits to improve existing environmental technologies using new materials with effective performance, resulting in less consumption of energy and materials. The aim of this review is to compile and study current publications regarding pesticides removal by nanotechnology. This study discusses the applications, advantages and limitations various nanotechnology processes for removal of pesticides.

http://www.ijnnonline.net/article_30199_d07958a9d6abde6ff5221c123ae3f28e.pdf

G. R. Nabi Bidhendi

Papers

Evaluation of spatial and seasonal variations in surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques

Selection of wastewater treatment process based on the analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methods

Influence of copper mine on surface water quality

Influence of Sungun copper mine on groundwater quality, NW Iran

Application of Nanotechnology in Pesticides Removal from Aqueous Solutions - A review