At the present time, no artificial larval diet is capable of entirely fulfilling the dietary requirements of several larval fish and crustacean species. Zooplankton live food is the basic foundation of fish larviculture, and successful rearing of fish larvae still heavily depends on an adequate supply of nutritious live food. Despite being important, the production protocols of copepods and cladocerans (Moina) are still underdeveloped in hatcheries. Rotifers and Artemia are the most commonly used live foods. However, these live foods are evidently lacking in crucial nutrient constituents. Hence, through nutrient enrichment, live food with the nutritional profile that meets the requirements of fish larvae can be produced. With the aim to maximize the effectiveness of production to optimize profitability, it is important to evaluate and improve culture techniques for the delivery of micro- and macro-nutrients as feed supplements to larvae in aquaculture systems. Bioencapsulation and enrichment are the evolving techniques in aquaculture that are commonly employed to enhance the nutritional quality of live food by integrating nutrients into them, which subsequently improves the growth, survival, and disease resistance of the consuming hosts. This review aims to highlight some of the approaches and methods used to improve the nutritional quality of live food by modifying their nutrient composition, which could have immense promise in the enhancement of aquatic animal health.

Enhancement of Live Food Nutritional Status with Essential Nutrients for Improving Aquatic Animal Health: A Review.

Effects of live and artificial feeds on the growth, digestion, immunity and intestinal microflora of mandarin fish hybrid (Siniperca chuatsi ♀ × Siniperca scherzeri ♂)

Influence of wild mixed zooplankton on growth and muscle biochemical composition of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae

The variable quality and high price of Artemia (Leach 1819) cyst products, used worldwide as live food, motivate aquaculturists to find an appropriate alternative, especially for fresh/brackish water organisms. In this study, Branchinecta orientalis (G. O. Sars 1901), a common fairy shrimp in north-western Iran, was reared for 15 days using effluent from trout ponds enriched with effluent filtrate as sole feed, or co-fed with microalgae (Scenedesmus sp.). The effluent filtrate was replaced by algae at different ratios (25% and 50%), and feeding experiments were designed at densities of 100, 200 and 400 individuals/L in 3-L containers and at 100 individuals/L in 20-L containers. The results indicated that, at a certain density, the final length and survival were not significantly affected by different feeding regimes (p > .05). In 3-L containers, the highest length and survival were observed at the lowest density. B. orientalis contained the highest amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, though, when co-fed algae, although the differences with the treatment fed solely effluent filtrate were often limited. Inclusion of algae in the diet also resulted in higher levels of a number of PUFAs. Our study proves that B. orientalis can be mass-cultured successfully using trout effluent as culture medium without additional microalgae. Fish pond effluent is massively available as a cheap food source. Recycling aquaculture effluent for this type of live food production contributes to lowering the use of natural resources and to less discharge of nutrient loads into natural water bodies.

Mass culture of fairy shrimp Branchinecta orientalis (G. O. Sars 1901) (Crustacea: Anostraca) using effluent of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) ponds

Collagens made from giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) skin and their odorants

The primary objective of this study was to extract collagen from underutilized fish species owing to its cost effective nature and also its ability to address the demand of type I collagen arising from food and pharmaceutical industries. Acid and pepsin soluble collagen (ppASC and ppPSC) were extracted from the skin of sucker catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) with a yield of 19.6 and 23.8% on wet weight basis respectively. The same were characterized and confirmed as type I collagen by SDS-PAGE, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, amino acid analysis, and Zeta potential. Taking into consideration the application of collagen in food industry, a food product was developed by incorporating with fresh cheese. This fortification was found to be acceptable and had not altered the taste, odor and other sensory properties of the product.

Extraction and characterization of collagen from the skin of Pterygoplichthys pardalis and its potential application in food industries.

A feed trail was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of Streptocephalus simplex as a live feed in freshwater ornamental fish culture. The efficiency of live feed was compared with that of artificial/pellet diet to determine the growth rate biochemical parameters and carotenoid concentration of Carassius auratus for a period of 45 days. As a result the proximate composition on the S. simplex indicates that they are rich in protein, lipids, essential amino acids and fatty acids. Availability of these growth factors was perfectly reflected on the successful growth rate of C. auratus. Moreover, presence of carotenoids viz., astaxanthin (36.4 ± 2.4), canthaxanthin (23.6 ± 1.7), and β-carotene (1.7 ± 0.6) has improved the intensity of the skin color of commercially important ornamental fish C. auratus after feeding with S. simplex.

Biochemical composition and nutritional value of Streptocephalus simplex as live feed in ornamental fish culture

Bioactivity of Excoecaria agallocha leaf extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Labeo rohita

Present study was conducted to evaluate different strategies for feed formulation in commercial broiler production. A total of 16 male newly hatched broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were fed with different formulated diets in 3 feeding phases, starter (1–11 d), grower (12-22 d) and finisher (23–33 d). Four strategies of feed formulation (F1, F2, F3 and F4) were compared; where in F1 group was fed with traditional diet, F2 and F3 were fed with traditional diet after supplementation with 10% & 20 % paneer respectively. The last group (F4) was fed with traditional diet supplemented with 10% collagen and is incorporated into paneer to provide extra protein. The collagen used in the study was analyzed and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE and FTIR which was confirmed type-I collagen. All the experimental birds had shown significantly high body weight (BW) for F4 birds compared with other groups. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower for F3 birds compared to the birds in other groups. No differences were detected for feed intake and mortality. At 33 d, F4 birds (2.227) were significantly heavier than other groups and a remarkable difference was noticed in the decreasing order F3>F2>F1 (2.004 kg, 1.998 kg and 1.749 kg respectively). Notable differences were detected for carcass yield (%), breast yield (%) and breast-to-carcass ratio at 33 d. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the enhancement in growth rate of birds was observed by providing them with collagen along with the regular diet.

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Effect of Collagen Supplementation in Broiler Feed: Influence on Productive Performance and Muscle Quality in Broiler Chicken

Incidence of various dreadful microbial infections and the development of antibiotic resistance by infection causative microbes are the main reasons for reducing aquaculture productivity. Hence, there is an immense need for the discovery of alternative and efficient treatment for quick recovery of diseased fishes. In the present study, Suaeda maritima leaf extracts (hexane, diethyl ether, ethanol, and water) were screened for in vitro and in vivo antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Out of all the four extracts, ethanolic extract showed highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus (4.9 ± 1.3 mm), B. subtilis (1.6 ± 0.3 mm), K. pneumoniae (4.2 ± 1.8 mm), and P. aeruginosa (4.1 ± 1.2 mm). Similarly, antioxidant activity was also higher for ethanolic extract (500 µg/mL) based on DPPH radical scavenging ability (71.6 ± 1.4%) and reducing potential (149 μg/mL) assays. Further, ethanolic extract was purified consecutively via column chromatography and preparative TLC where an active fraction was selected based on highest antibacterial (10.1 ± 1.4 mm) and antioxidant properties (82.3 ± 2.8%). Active fraction was loaded onto mass spectroscopy and identified the presence of four active constituents such as 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinolin-3-yl) methanol; 3',7-Dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone; Saponin and (19R)9acetyl19hydroxy10,14dimethyl20oxopentacyclo[11.8.0.0   .0   .0  ]henicos-17-yl-acetate. Besides, in vivo studies were conducted on Catla catla fingerlings infected with P. aeruginosa under laboratory conditions. The fingerlings were segregated into 5 groups, among which group 4 and 5 were treated with crude and purified extracts. Both the extracts were efficient in treating infected fingerlings and recorded 100% survival rate which is even better than group-3 treated with a synthetic antibiotic (77%). Hence, S. maritima leaf extract can be considered as a possible alternative medicine in aquaculture.

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Purification and characterization of bioactive compounds extracted from Suaeda maritima leaf and its impact on pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Catla catla fingerlings

G. Simhachalam

Papers

Extraction and characterization of collagen from the skin of Pterygoplichthys pardalis and its potential application in food industries.

Biochemical composition and nutritional value of Streptocephalus simplex as live feed in ornamental fish culture

Bioactivity of Excoecaria agallocha leaf extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Labeo rohita

Effect of Collagen Supplementation in Broiler Feed: Influence on Productive Performance and Muscle Quality in Broiler Chicken

Purification and characterization of bioactive compounds extracted from Suaeda maritima leaf and its impact on pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Catla catla fingerlings