https://www.science.smith.edu/~jcardell/Courses/EGR328/Readings/WSNSurvey2.pdf

Wireless sensor network survey

物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. In this paper we first break down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes, which are subsequently discussed in depth. Special attention has been devoted to promising solutions which have not yet obtained a wide attention in the literature, such as techniques for energy efficient data acquisition. Finally we conclude the paper with insights for research directions about energy conservation in WSNs.

/pdf/energy-conservation-in-wireless-sensor-networks-a-survey-1bl7d2obnm.pdf

Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey

Wireless sensor network applications, similarly to other distributed systems, often require a scalable time synchronization service enabling data consistency and coordination. This paper describes the Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP), especially tailored for applications requiring stringent precision on resource limited wireless platforms. The proposed time synchronization protocol uses low communication bandwidth and it is robust against node and link failures. The FTSP achieves its robustness by utilizing periodic flooding of synchronization messages, and implicit dynamic topology update. The unique high precision performance is reached by utilizing MAC-layer time-stamping and comprehensive error compensation including clock skew estimation. The sources of delays and uncertainties in message transmission are analyzed in detail and techniques are presented to mitigate their effects. The FTSP was implemented on the Berkeley Mica2 platform and evaluated in a 60-node, multi-hop setup. The average per-hop synchronization error was in the one microsecond range, which is markedly better than that of the existing RBS and TPSN algorithms.

/pdf/the-flooding-time-synchronization-protocol-2j5x8h86k4.pdf

The flooding time synchronization protocol

In the recent past, wireless sensor networks have found their way into a wide variety of applications and systems with vastly varying requirements and characteristics. As a consequence, it is becoming increasingly difficult to discuss typical requirements regarding hardware issues and software support. This is particularly problematic in a multidisciplinary research area such as wireless sensor networks, where close collaboration between users, application domain experts, hardware designers, and software developers is needed to implement efficient systems. In this article we discuss the consequences of this fact with regard to the design space of wireless sensor networks by considering its various dimensions. We justify our view by demonstrating that specific existing applications occupy different points in the design space.

/pdf/the-design-space-of-wireless-sensor-networks-2lr8ozcx58.pdf

The design space of wireless sensor networks

An ad-hoc wireless sensor network-based system is presented that detects and accurately locates shooters even in urban environments. The system consists of a large number of cheap sensors communicating through an ad-hoc wireless network, thus it is capable of tolerating multiple sensor failures, provides good coverage and high accuracy, and is capable of overcoming multipath effects. The performance of the proposed system is superior to that of centralized countersniper systems in such challenging environment as dense urban terrain. In this paper, in addition to the overall system architecture, the acoustic signal detection, the most important middleware services and the unique sensor fusion algorithm are also presented. The system performance is analyzed using real measurement data obtained at a US Army MOUT (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) facility.

/pdf/sensor-network-based-countersniper-system-25jl0s8w8i.pdf

Sensor network-based countersniper system

An ad-hoc wireless sensor network-based system is presented that detects and accurately locates shooters even in urban environments. The localization accuracy of the system in open terrain is competitive with that of existing centralized countersniper systems. However, the presented sensor network-based solution surpasses the traditional approach because it can mitigate acoustic multipath effects prevalent in urban areas and it can also resolve multiple simultaneous shots. These unique characteristics of the system are made possible by employing novel sensor fusion techniques that utilize the spatial and temporal diversity of multiple detections. In this article, in addition to the overall system architecture, the middleware services and the unique sensor fusion algorithms are described. An analysis of the experimental data gathered during field trials at US military facilities is also presented.

/pdf/countersniper-system-for-urban-warfare-klva8kb7rb.pdf

Countersniper system for urban warfare

Experiences developing a sensor network-based acoustic shooter localization system are presented. The system is able to localize the position of a shooter and the trajectory of the projectile using observed acoustic events, such as the muzzle blast and the ballistic shockwave. The network consists of a large number of cheap sensors communicating through an ad-hoc wireless network, which enables the system to resolve multiple simultaneous acoustic sources, eliminate multipath effects, tolerate multiple sensor failures while providing good coverage and high accuracy, even in such challenging environment as urban terrain. The paper describes the hardware and software platform developed for this application and summarizes the lessons learned during the development of the system.

/pdf/multiple-simultaneous-acoustic-source-localization-in-urban-2rr4mney5v.pdf

Multiple simultaneous acoustic source localization in urban terrain

In model-based development, verification techniques can be used to check whether an abstract model satisfies a set of properties. Ideally, implementation code generated from these models can also be verified against similar properties. However, the distance between the property specification languages and the implementation makes verifying such generated code difficult. Optimizations and renamings can blur the correspondence between the two, further increasing the difficulty of specifying verification properties on the generated code. This paper describes methods for specifying verification properties on abstract models that are then checked on implementation level code. These properties are translated by an extended code generator into implementation code and special annotations that are used by a software model checker.

/pdf/rapid-property-specification-and-checking-for-model-based-10nqq2hyvm.pdf

Rapid property specification and checking for model-based formalisms

Recent increases in industrial adoption of Model-Based Engi- neering has created demand for more advanced tools, environments, and infrastructures. As a response to the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency's (DARPA) initiative in the Adaptive Vehicle Make (AVM) pro- gram, we have designed and built VechicleFORGE, a collaborative en- vironment tightly integrated with the AVM design tools. This paper describes VehicleFORGE concepts and services facilitated by the cloud computing foundation of the infrastructure.

/pdf/vehicleforge-a-cloud-based-infrastructure-for-collaborative-pfe4b38bfg.pdf

Gábor Pap

Papers

Sensor network-based countersniper system

Countersniper system for urban warfare

Multiple simultaneous acoustic source localization in urban terrain

Rapid property specification and checking for model-based formalisms

VehicleFORGE: A Cloud-Based Infrastructure for Collaborative Model-Based Design