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Input Output Analysis Foundations And Extensions

Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment.

Sustainability assessment is being increasingly viewed as an important tool to aid in the shift towards sustainability. However, this is a new and evolving concept and there remain very few examples of effective sustainability assessment processes implemented anywhere in the world. Sustainability assessment is often described as a process by which the implications of an initiative on sustainability are evaluated, where the initiative can be a proposed or existing policy, plan, programme, project, piece of legislation, or a current practice or activity. However, this generic definition covers a broad range of different processes, many of which have been described in the literature as 'sustainability assessment'. This article seeks to provide some clarification by reflecting on the different approaches described in the literature as being forms of sustainability assessment, and evaluating them in terms of their potential contributions to sustainability. Many of these are actually examples of 'integrated assessment', derived from environmental impact assessment (EIA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA), but which have been extended to incorporate social and economic considerations as well as environmental ones, reflecting a 'triple bottom line' (TBL) approach to sustainability. These integrated assessment processes typically either seek to minimise 'unsustainability', or to achieve TBL objectives. Both aims may, or may not, result in sustainable practice. We present an alternative conception of sustainability assessment, with the more ambitious aim of seeking to determine whether or not an initiative is actually sustainable. We term such processes 'assessment for sustainability'. 'Assessment for sustainability' firstly requires that the concept of sustainability be well-defined. The article compares TBL approaches and principles-based approaches to developing such sustainability criteria, concluding that the latter are more appropriate, since they avoid many of the inherent limitations of the triple-bottom-line as a conception of sustainability.

Conceptualising sustainability assessment

Annual Energy Outlook 2008 With Projections to 2030

Several simplified design procedures for solar energy systems require monthly average meteorological data. Monthly average daily totals of the solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface are available. However, radiation data on tilted surfaces, required by the design procedures, are generally not available. A simple method of estimating the average daily radiation for each calendar month on surfaces facing directly towards the equator has been presented by Liu and Jordan [1]. This method is verified with experimental measurements and extended to allow calculation of monthly average radiation on surfaces of a wide range of orientations.

Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces

In 2009 the global coal market witnessed one of the most dramatic realignments it has ever seen – China, long a net exporter of coal, suddenly imported a record-smashing 126 Mt tons (103 Mt net). This inversion of China’s role in global coal markets meant that Chinese imports accounted for nearly 15% of all globally traded coal, and China became the focal point of global demand as traditional import markets like Europe and Japan stagnated in the wake of the financial crisis. The middle kingdom's appetite for imported coal seems insatiable, and the “China Factor” appears to have ushered in a new paradigm for the global coal market.But China doesn’t ”need” the coal. The world's largest coal producer cranked out 2.96 Bt of production in 2009, backed up by 114.5 Bt of reserves. While the world’s other fastest growing importer, India, is plagued by a growing gap between coal supply and power demand that it is unable to fill domestically, this is not the case in China. The spike in Chinese demand for imported coal is therefore a more complex (and less easily predictable) phenomenon that requires careful examination if the world is to understand what impact China might have on global energy markets in the coming decade.In this paper Richard Morse and Gang He devise a model that explains Chinese coal import patterns and that can allow the coal market to understand, and to some degree predict, China’s coal import behavior. They argue that the unique structure of the Chinese coal market creates a series of key arbitrage relationships between Chinese domestic coal markets and international coal markets that determine Chinese import patterns.The implications of this argument are significant for the development of the global coal trade in the coming decade. The arbitrage relationships that Morse and He describe directly link the domestic price of coal in China to the global price of coal. Developments in China‘s domestic coal market will be a dominant factor determining global coal prices and trade flows (and by implication power prices in many regions). This makes understanding the domestic Chinese coal market, which operates according to a unique economic and political logic, crucial for any participant in the global markets.

/pdf/the-world-s-greatest-coal-arbitrage-china-s-coal-import-pukcmjpabc.pdf

The World's Greatest Coal Arbitrage: China's Coal Import Behavior and Implications for the Global Coal Market

China's Coal Import Behavior and Its Impacts to Global Energy Market

Comparative feedback is a focus on existing research, while studies on the psychological mechanisms of its effect on consumers’ energy-saving behavior remain lacking. This article considers that the social comparison orientation of feedback has a significant impact on consumers’ energy-saving behavior and intention through a mediated moderation mechanism. A field experiment of 2 (comparison orientation: upward comparison, downward comparison) × 2 (self-construal: independent self-construal, interdependent self-construal) between-subjects design with taking college student dormitories as the sample shows that consumers can experience higher psychological reactance when they receive energy consumption information through upward comparison than when they do so through downward comparison. The partly negative mediating role of psychological reactance is moderated by self-construal. In the context of independent self-construal, comparative feedback stimulates individual's psychological reactance to the intention to reduce energy-saving, while in the context of interdependent self-construal, it does not. This article has reference value for developing accurate feedback strategies for different types of energy consumers.

Effect of Comparative Feedback on Consumers’ Energy-Saving Behavior: A College Dormitory Example

Author(s): Marnay, C; Liu, L; Yu, J; Zhang, D; Mauzy, J; Shaffer, B; Dong, X; Agate, W; Vitiello, S; karali, N; Liu, X; He, G; Zhao, L; Zhu, L | Abstract: Smart grids are rolling out internationally, with the United States (U.S.) nearing completion of a significant USD4-plus-billion federal program funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA-2009). The emergence of smart grids is widespread across developed countries. Multiple approaches to analyzing the benefits of smart grids have emerged. The goals of this white paper are to review these approaches and analyze examples of each to highlight their differences, advantages, and disadvantages. This work was conducted under the auspices of a joint U.S.-China research effort, the Climate Change Working Group (CCWG) Implementation Plan, Smart Grid. We present comparative benefits assessments (BAs) of smart grid demonstrations in the U.S. and China along with a BA of a pilot project in Europe. In the U.S., we assess projects at two sites: (1) the University of California, Irvine campus (UCI), which consists of two distinct demonstrations: Southern California Edison’s (SCE) Irvine Smart Grid Demonstration Project (ISGD) and the UCI campus itself; and (2) the Navy Yard (TNY) area in Philadelphia, which has been repurposed as a mixed commercial-industrial, and possibly residential, development. In China, we cover several smart-grid aspects of the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city (TEC) and the Shenzhen Bay Technology and Ecology City (B-TEC). In Europe, we look at a BA of a pilot smart grid project in the Malagrotta area west of Rome, Italy, contributed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. The Irvine sub-project BAs use the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) Smart Grid Computational Tool (SGCT), which is built on methods developed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The TEC sub-project BAs apply Smart Grid Multi-Criteria Analysis (SG-MCA) developed by the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with fuzzy logic. The B-TEC and TNY sub-project BAs are evaluated using new approaches developed by those project teams. JRC has adopted an approach similar to EPRI’s but tailored to the Malagrotta distribution grid.

Benefits Analysis of Smart Grid Projects

Author(s): Price, Lynn; Zhou, Nan; Fridley, David; Ohshita, Stephanie; Khanna, Nina; Lu, Hongyou; Hong, Lixuan; He, Gang; Romankiewicz, John; Min, Hu

/pdf/low-carbon-city-policy-databook-72-policy-recommendations-1ruc7fj04q.pdf

Gang He

Papers

The World's Greatest Coal Arbitrage: China's Coal Import Behavior and Implications for the Global Coal Market

China's Coal Import Behavior and Its Impacts to Global Energy Market

Effect of Comparative Feedback on Consumers’ Energy-Saving Behavior: A College Dormitory Example

Benefits Analysis of Smart Grid Projects

Low-Carbon City Policy Databook: 72 Policy Recommendations for Chinese Cities from the Benchmarking and Energy Savings Tool for Low Carbon Cities