Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries

Towards sustainable smart cities: A review of trends, architectures, components, and open challenges in smart cities

Solid waste issue: Sources, composition, disposal, recycling, and valorization

. The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) compiles
anthropogenic emissions data for greenhouse gases (GHGs), and for multiple air
pollutants, based on international statistics and emission factors. EDGAR data
provide quantitative support for atmospheric modelling and for mitigation
scenario and impact assessment analyses as well as for policy evaluation. The
new version (v4.3.2) of the EDGAR emission inventory provides global
estimates, broken down to IPCC-relevant source-sector levels, from 1970 (the
year of the European Union's first Air Quality Directive) to 2012 (the end
year of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, KP). Strengths of
EDGAR v4.3.2 include global geo-coverage (226 countries), continuity in time,
and comprehensiveness in activities. Emissions of multiple chemical
compounds, GHGs as well as air pollutants, from relevant sources (fossil fuel
activities but also, for example, fermentation processes in agricultural
activities) are compiled following a bottom-up (BU), transparent and IPCC-compliant methodology. This paper describes
EDGAR v4.3.2 developments with respect to three major long-lived GHGs ( CO2 ,
 CH4 , and N2O ) derived from a wide range of human activities
apart from the land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector and
apart from savannah burning; a companion paper quantifies and discusses
emissions of air pollutants. Detailed information is included for each of the
IPCC-relevant source sectors, leading to global totals for 2010 (in the
middle of the first KP commitment period) (with a 95 % confidence
interval in parentheses): 33.6(±5.9)  Pg CO 2  yr −1 , 0.34(±0.16)  Pg CH 4  yr −1 , and 7.2(±3.7)  Tg N 2 O yr −1 . We provide uncertainty factors in emissions
data for the different GHGs and for three different groups of countries: OECD
countries of 1990, countries with economies in transition in 1990, and the
remaining countries in development (the UNFCCC non-Annex I parties). We
document trends for the major emitting countries together with the European
Union in more detail, demonstrating that effects of fuel markets and
financial instability have had greater impacts on GHG trends than effects of
income or population. These data ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2658138 ,
Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019) are visualised with annual and monthly global emissions grid maps
of 0.1 ∘ × 0.1 ∘ for each source sector.

/pdf/edgar-v4-3-2-global-atlas-of-the-three-major-greenhouse-gas-2gk63ff6n7.pdf

EDGAR v4.3.2 Global Atlas of the three major greenhouse gas emissions for the period 1970–2012

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the abridgment of the waste generated from domestic, commercial, and construction activities by natural persons that is collected and treated by municipalities. Exponential growth of population and urbanization, and the development of social economy, coupled with the improvement of living standard, have resulted in an increase in the amount of MSW generation throughout the world. On average the developed countries typically generate 521.95–759.2 kg per person per year (kpc) and 109.5–525.6 kpc typically by developing countries. Recent estimates suggest that the MSW generation globally exceeds 2 billion tons per year, which is a potential threat to environmental dilapidation. Therefore, MSW management (MSWM) seems to be one of the key topics for environmental protection in present days and also in the future. The authors have illustrated MSW generation and composition analysis and have provided a comprehensive review of MSWM in different countries throughout the world based o...

Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Composition, and Management: The World Scenario

Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review

The objectives of this study are to analyze the underground water quality of Greater Noida region by water quality index. Nine physico-chemical parameters such as Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulp...

Analysis of groundwater quality using water quality index: A case study of greater Noida (Region), Uttar Pradesh (U.P), India

Fresh water is needed for the survival of all living organisms to keep them healthy, safe and clean. Major part of this fresh water is obtained from groundwater. It is observed that the groundwater has been polluting due to anthropogenic activities and affecting the human beings, livestock soil nutrients by mass and environment in certain areas. The paper presents hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in shallow aquifers of Greater Noida region. Therefore, various physicochemical parameters such as pH, TDS, EC, TH and major ions, i.e. Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, CO32− and HCO3−, have been analysed in the present study using standard procedures. The results of major constituents were compared with the water quality standards prescribed by WHO. From the analysed samples, different indices such as soluble sodium percentage (SSP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate, magnesium adsorption ratio, Kelley’s ratio and permeability index were characterized in the study. Results delineate that the groundwater is suitable for drinking and irrigational use.

/pdf/hydrogeochemical-assessment-of-groundwater-in-shallow-4ts9ykmi7i.pdf

Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in shallow aquifer of greater Noida region, Uttar Pradesh (U.P), India

Shortage of water for industrial and commercial use and even for drinking purpose is a concern throughout the world, especially in developing countries. The current decline in groundwater availability in India necessitates the formulation of sustainable groundwater management plan through proper assessment of the available resources. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) for groundwater recharge is seen as one of the solutions to solve the groundwater problem. This is reflected in an increase in watershed development programs, in which RWH is an important structural component. Understanding the net effect of these development programs is crucial to ensure that net effect on groundwater is positive both locally and within a watershed. The appropriate design and evaluation of a RWH system is necessary to improve system performance and the stability of the water supply. This review article is focused on a literature survey of the design of RWH and its aquifer modeling and application of remote sensing and geographic information system to artificial recharge.

/pdf/a-systematic-approach-for-design-of-rainwater-harvesting-189td193hc.pdf

A systematic approach for design of rainwater harvesting system and groundwater aquifer modeling

Groundwater is a very useful resource of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural necessities in Greater Noida. Groundwater withdrawal has increased in the last two to three decades due to the requirement of water in domestic, agricultural and industrial field. A part of Yamuna–Hindon River is incorporated for the study area. A careful study of water balance of a basin is essential for the effectiveness of groundwater management. The behaviour of the flow system and water balance was assessed by groundwater flow modelling. MODFLOW was established to quantify groundwater using steady-state finite difference model with 26 groundwater data from tube wells in Greater Noida region. Location map and well inventory are used to evaluate the groundwater level, direction and surface features. Different boundary conditions are used to recharge the ground by rainfall and irrigation returns, seepage losses from unlined canal and horizontal flows using diverse boundary packages available in Visual MODFLOW. In this study, hydraulic conductivity and recharge parameters are analysed by MODFLOW and are shown the sensitiveness of the model. For more optimistic urban groundwater intercessions to be executed in urban cities, we have to energize increasingly incorporated, foundational and quantitative assessment of the possible pathways, mediations and communications. This is progressively conceivable with the utilization of connected and coordinated demonstrating where groundwater procedure models, physical models and water industry models can be coupled and illuminate financial appraisal, where the estimation of water, in the entirety of its appearances, is progressively being perceived.

Gauhar Mahmood

Papers

Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review

Analysis of groundwater quality using water quality index: A case study of greater Noida (Region), Uttar Pradesh (U.P), India

Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in shallow aquifer of greater Noida region, Uttar Pradesh (U.P), India

A systematic approach for design of rainwater harvesting system and groundwater aquifer modeling

Aquifer Modelling in Greater Noida Region (U.P) Using MODFLOW