Gautam Buddha University

About: Gautam Buddha University is a education organization based out in Greater Noida, India. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Photovoltaic system & Wireless sensor network. The organization has 827 authors who have published 1428 publications receiving 10866 citations.

Cross-linking in Hydrogels - A Review

Abstract: Hydrogels represent a class of high water content polymers with physical or chemical crosslinks. Their physical properties are similar to soft tissues. Cross linking is a stabilization process in polymer chemistry which leads to multidimensional extension of polymeric chain resulting in network structure. Cross-link is a bond which links one polymer chain to other. It can be ionic or covalent. Cross linking changes a liquid polymer into 'solid' or 'gel' by restricting the ability of movement. When polymer chains are linked together by cross-links, they lose some of their ability to move as individual polymer chains. A liquid polymer (where the chains are freely flowing) can be turned into a 'solid' or 'gel' by cross-linking the chains together. Cross linking increases the molecular mass of a polymer. Cross-linked polymers are important because they are mechanically strong and resistant to heat, wear and attack by solvents. However, the drawback associated with cross-linked polymers is that they are relatively inflexible when it comes to their processing properties because they are insoluble and infusible.

Metal oxides nanoparticles via sol–gel method: a review on synthesis, characterization and applications

Abstract: Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have enormous applications such as in optical devices, purification systems, biomedical systems, photocatalysis, photovoltaics etc. In this review, we have explored a stable and efficient synthesis protocol of particularly four MONPs: titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), tungsten oxide (WO3) and zinc oxide (ZnO) for getting desired chemical composition, nanostructure, and surface properties. The selection of an efficient synthesis process is a key factor that significantly influences the efficacy of the MONPs. The chemical synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) via sol–gel route is an effective method to produce high-quality MONPs in comparison to other physical and chemical methods. Sol–gel synthesis is one of the simple, fastest and economically less expensive method, and has its own advantages like low processing temperature, homogeneity of the produced material and formation of the complex structures or composite materials. We believe that this detailed review will provide an insight into sol–gel synthesis of MONPs along with their characterization and diverse applications.

A review on particle swarm optimization algorithms and their applications to data clustering

Abstract: Data clustering is one of the most popular techniques in data mining. It is a method of grouping data into clusters, in which each cluster must have data of great similarity and high dissimilarity with other cluster data. The most popular clustering algorithm K-mean and other classical algorithms suffer from disadvantages of initial centroid selection, local optima, low convergence rate problem etc. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a population based globalized search algorithm that mimics the capability (cognitive and social behavior) of swarms. PSO produces better results in complicated and multi-peak problems. This paper presents a literature survey on the PSO application in data clustering. PSO variants are also described in this paper. An attempt is made to provide a guide for the researchers who are working in the area of PSO and data clustering.

Tapered Fed Compact UWB MIMO-Diversity Antenna With Dual Band-Notched Characteristics

Abstract: In this paper, a compact design of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Antenna with dual sharply rejected notch bands for portable wireless ultrawideband (UWB) applications is presented and experimentally investigated. The proposed UWB MIMO Antenna has a compact size of 18 mm $\times$ 34 mm. The tapered microstrip fed slot Antenna acts as a single radiating element with inverted L-shaped slits to introduce notches at wireless local area network and the IEEE INSAT/Super-Extended C-bands. The mutual coupling of less than −22 dB is achieved over the entire operating band (2.93–20 GHz). At the center of notched band, the efficiency of the Antenna drops that indicates a good interference suppression performance. The performance of the MIMO Antenna in terms of isolation among the ports, radiation pattern, efficiency, realized gain, envelope correlation coefficient, mean effective gain, and total active reflection coefficient is studied.