The conventional multilevel inverter necessitates more active switching devices and high dc-link voltages. To minimalize the employment of switching devices and dc-link voltages, a novel topology has been proposed. In this paper, a novel minimum switch multilevel inverter is established using six switches and two dc-link voltages in the proportion of 1 : 2. In addition, the proposed topology is proficient in making seven-level voltages by appropriate gate signals. The PWM signals were produced using several inverted sine carriers and a single trapezoidal reference. When compared to other existing inverters, this configuration needs fewer components, as well as fewer gate drives. Furthermore, this module can generate a negative level without the use of a supplementary circuit such as an H-Bridge. As a result, overall cost and complexity are greatly reduced. The proposed minimum switch multilevel inverter operation is validated through simulations followed by experimental results of a prototype.

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A Modified Seven-Level Inverter with Inverted Sine Wave Carrier for PWM Control

In the technical world, NoC (network-on-chip) is a noticeable communication subsystem based on integrated circuits. It is mainly used in improving the performance of system-on-chip (SoC) by bridging the intellectual properties in the SoCs. But there is a need of protected architecture which is dealing with routing and processing data in the multicore system-on-chip (SoC). The recent issue with the above is there is still a drawback in enabling a better network routing system for accessing physical networks. The methodology of NoC mainly depends on the routing scheme, switching techniques, and structuring topologies. In this paper, we propose a new technique in implementing the chip in order to maintain the data privacy of NoC routers. There are many works with different algorithms that were evolved in enabling the secureness of NoCs, but due to the key size and block size, it is still not able to reach the expected effectiveness. Our proposed work is intended in designing a NoC architecture by means of embedding advanced TACIT security algorithm in Virtex-5 FPGA. Here, we used a hash function which is under a 4 hash function (4-H) scheme. The main advantage of this key generation scheme is it is applicable for block size and key size up to ‘
 
 n
 
 ’ bit. Thus, this TACIT security algorithm enables ‘
 
 n
 
 ’ bit using the software VHDL programming language in Xilinx ISE 14.2 and Modelsim 10.1 b which are applicable for 1024 bit and ‘
 
 N
 
 ’ bits of block size on Virtex-5 FPGA systems. This design system can be enhanced by improving the factors like timing parameters, supporting memory, higher frequencies, and utilized summaries.

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Architecture of Network-on-Chip (NoC) for Secure Data Routing Using 4-H Function of Improved TACIT Security Algorithm

The demand for electric vehicles continues to grow, as evidenced by global sales of electric vehicles reaching 2.2 million in 2019 and more than doubling to 6.6 million in 2021. The rapid growth of renewable energies and electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates the use of microgrids, which are a promising solution to the problem of integrating large-scale renewables and EVs into the electric power system. Besides, the essential policy support provided by the government is an increase in the availability of public charging infrastructure for EVs. This research employs a fast-charging configuration of an off-board charger with DC energy transfer. Implementation of DC energy transfer for vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle technology in a microgrid due to DC charging’s unrestricted charger-rated power and rapid power transfer. However, the integration of EVs in the Microgrid system creates some operational challenges, which in this research are power quality issues such as harmonics in power systems that affect both utilities and consumers. The design models using the PI controller and the fuzzy controller based on MATLAB software are simulated to determine the control system’s effectiveness. These simulations assess the control system’s performance, and both approaches help improve the system’s performance power quality by minimizing the system’s total harmonic distortion (THD). According to the results, the fuzzy logic controller exceeded the traditional PI controller as demonstrated by minimizing the THD and also in terms of improving the waveform quality which achieved high accuracy with good performance. This research also utilized the fuzzy logic controller to control the power transfer between EVs and the microgrid, which differs from other research work, to achieve high system efficiency for the benefit of consumers.

Power Quality Improvement for Vehicle-to-Grid and Grid-to-Vehicle Technology in a Microgrid

Recent studies suggest that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{C}_{{4}}\text{F}_{{7}}\text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/CO2 gas mixture is a promising and eco-friendly sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) alternative with a much lower global warming potential (GWP). In gas-insulated apparatuses such as switchgear, besides the insulating gas and the metal parts, nonmetallic materials also play an important role in insulation, load bearing, sealing, environmental control, and so on. Materials compatibility study thus becomes essential to ensure the successful adoption of SF6-free gas-insulated apparatuses. In this study, to carry out the aging process and evaluate the compatibility of each material, special glass cells with <italic>in situ</italic> dielectric strength testing capability are designed and employed, with significantly improved gas tightness and process variation control. Five typical materials in direct contact with the insulating gas in medium-voltage switchgear, namely zeolite molecular sieves, polycarbonate (PC), perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and nitrile O-ring, are selected for long-term thermal aging with the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{C}_{{4}}\text{F}_{{7}}\text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/CO2 gas mixture for up to nine months. In addition, the aged gas mixtures and material samples are analyzed by a combination of characterization techniques. Experimental results show that the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{C}_{{4}}\text{F}_{{7}}\text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/CO2 gas mixture remains stable during long-term thermal aging and has the potential to replace SF6 as the insulating gas medium. This study also shows that the concerns about material compatibility in the application of alternative insulating gases cannot be ignored as materials studied exhibit different levels of compatibility after aging. While PC and PFA are proved to be well compatible with the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{C}_{{4}}\text{F}_{{7}}\text{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/CO2 gas mixture, evidence of incompatibility is observed in the cases of zeolite molecular sieves, PMMA, and nitrile O-ring. Care must be taken in choosing more compatible materials after extensive compatibility and aging studies.

Materials Compatibility Study of C4F7N/CO2 Gas Mixture for Medium-Voltage Switchgear

When detecting the presence of partial discharge (PD) activity in the insulation system in high-voltage equipment, the excitation voltages at variable frequency have been widely used instead of power-frequency (50/60 Hz) sinusoidal voltage in order to reduce the charging power. This work reviews the relevant research on PD activity at very low frequency (VLF) method, including sinusoidal or cosine-rectangular voltage shape, and damped AC (DAC) method. Based on the research history and development status, some major PD characteristics, such as PD inception voltage (PDIV), PD amplitude, PD charge, PD phase-resolved pattern, and several hot issues, such as surface charge decay and statistical time lag, have been discussed. Moreover, the advantages, disadvantages, and applied conditions of two reviewed methods has been summarized. Finally, the prospects have been made on the main development trends of this research field in the future.

Review of Partial Discharge Activity Considering Very-Low Frequency and Damped Applied Voltage

Design of enhanced energy meter using GSM prepaid system and protective relays

Resource allocation plays a key role in cooperative cognitive radio networks (CCRNs), which is influenced by channel capacity, user density, transmission capacity, and user mobility. Many researchers worked on problem-solving in CCRN but did not solve navigation issues. User traffic affects the availability of the spectrum and creates complexity for the entire network. Next, keep in mind that the Multiple Matrix incorporates the dynamics of the multi-dolphin echolocation algorithm (MDEA), it calculates the best processing request among several requests from secondary users, and also takes cognitive radio users (CRUs). Thus, navigation has mobility enhanced gravitational search algorithm (MGSA) to expand navigation, thus increasing resource allocation productivity. The results of the modeling show that users have the necessary resources to ensure energy efficiency, productivity, and longevity under the proposed multi-objective resource allocation (MORA) scheme on mobility issues.

Hybrid optimization algorithm based optimal resource allocation for cooperative cognitive radio network

Abstract The normal life of a transformer is well above 25 years. The economical operation of the distribution system has its roots in the equipments being used. The economy being such, that it is financially advantageous to replace transformers with more than 15 years of service in the second perennial market. Testing of transformer is required, as its an indication of the extent to which a transformer can comply with the customers specified requirements and the respective standards (IEC 60076-3). In this paper, induced over voltage testing on transformers using enhanced Z source inverter is discussed. Power electronic circuits are now essential for a whole array of industrial electronic products. The bulky motor generator set, which is used to generate the required frequency to conduct the induced over voltage testing of transformers is nowadays replaced by static frequency converter. First conventional Z-source inverter, and second an enhanced Z source inverter is being used to generate the required voltage and frequency to test the transformer for induced over voltage test, and its characteristics is analysed.

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Induced over voltage test on transformers using enhanced Z-source inverter based circuit

Steganography is a tool which allows the data for transmission by concealing secret information in a tremendously growing network. In this paper, a novel technique quick response method (QRM) is proposed for the purpose of encryption and decryption. Existing system uses side match vector quantization (SMVQ) technique which has some challenges such as security issues and performance issues. To handle the security and performance issues, the proposed system uses two methods, namely, quick response method and shifting method. In the proposed system, encoding part calculates the performance for capacity, PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio), MSE (mean square error), and SSIM (structural similarity index method), and the decoding part calculates the performance of MSE (mean square error) and PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio). The shifting method is used to increase the data hiding capacity. In this system, the encryption part embeds the secret image using steganography and the decryption part extracts the original image. By analyzing and comparing the proposed system with the existing system, it is proved that the system proposed was much better than the existing systems.

/pdf/histogram-shifting-based-quick-response-steganography-method-3ef957bk.pdf

Geno Peter

Papers

Design of enhanced energy meter using GSM prepaid system and protective relays

Hybrid optimization algorithm based optimal resource allocation for cooperative cognitive radio network

Induced over voltage test on transformers using enhanced Z-source inverter based circuit

A Modified Seven-Level Inverter with Inverted Sine Wave Carrier for PWM Control

Histogram Shifting-Based Quick Response Steganography Method for Secure Communication