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The Essential Physics Of Medical Imaging

Scintillation materials and detectors that are used in many applications, such as medical imaging, security, oil-logging, high energy physics and non-destructive inspection, are reviewed. The fundamental physics understood today is explained, and common scintillators and scintillation detectors are introduced. The properties explained here are light yield, energy non-proportionality, emission wavelength, energy resolution, decay time, effective atomic number and timing resolution. For further understanding, the emission mechanisms of scintillator materials are also introduced. Furthermore, unresolved problems in scintillation phenomenon are considered, and my recent interpretations are discussed. These topics include positive hysteresis, the co-doping of non-luminescent ions, the introduction of an aimed impurity phase, the excitation density effect and the complementary relationship between scintillators and storage phosphors.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab/94/2/94_PJA9402B-02/_pdf

Inorganic scintillating materials and scintillation detectors.

The quest for the ideal inorganic scintillator

Impurity doping is a promising method to impart new properties to various materials. Due to their unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties, rare-earth ions have been extensively explored as active dopants in inorganic crystal lattices since the 18th century. Rare-earth doping can alter the crystallographic phase, morphology, and size, leading to tunable optical responses of doped nanomaterials. Moreover, rare-earth doping can control the ultimate electronic and catalytic performance of doped nanomaterials in a tunable and scalable manner, enabling significant improvements in energy harvesting and conversion. A better understanding of the critical role of rare-earth doping is a prerequisite for the development of an extensive repertoire of functional nanomaterials for practical applications. In this review, we highlight recent advances in rare-earth doping in inorganic nanomaterials and the associated applications in many fields. This review covers the key criteria for rare-earth doping, including basic electronic structures, lattice environments, and doping strategies, as well as fundamental design principles that enhance the electrical, optical, catalytic, and magnetic properties of the material. We also discuss future research directions and challenges in controlling rare-earth doping for new applications.

Rare-Earth Doping in Nanostructured Inorganic Materials.

Luminescence efficiency of lacl3:ce crystalline scintillator for different cerium concentrations: a theoretical study

The aim of the present study is to investigate the absolute luminescence efficiency (AE) and the effective luminescence efficiency (EE) of thin substrate Gd 2 O 2 S:Eu powder scintillating screens, for possible use in digital radiography detectors To this aim two relatively thin screens with thicknesses (coating density) 321 mg/cm2 and 649 mg/cm2 were prepared on Borosilicate glass substrate 22×22 mm2 For the determination of the AE, X-ray tube voltages ranging from 50 to 133 kVp were used The effective efficiency was examined for four optical sensors, currently adapted in diagnostic medical systems, namely S100AB SITe, passivated a-Si:H photodiode, CMOS hybrid with blue AR coating and CMOS RadEye photodiode array The absolute luminescence efficiency of the thin substrate Gd 2 O 2 S:Eu powder phosphors was relatively high The spectral compatibility and the overall efficiency (effective efficiency) with the optical detectors examined in our study was higher than that of a corresponding thickness Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb powder phosphors Our preliminary results indicate that thin substrate Gd 2 O 2 S:Eu powder phosphors can be used adequately with detectors for digital X-ray Imaging

Thin substrate powder scintillator screens for use in digital X-ray medical imaging applications

A theoretical study for the energy dependence of intrinsic conversion efficiency of lu2o3:eu and y2o2s:eu scintillator materials for use in medical imaging detectors

Cerium bromide x-ray scintillation properties

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the fundamental imaging performance of CsI scintillating screens specially treated for a CMOS digital imaging sensor, in terms of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), Normalized Noise Power Spectrum (NNPS) and the Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) in the general radiography energy range. The CMOS sensor was coupled to two columnar CsI:Tl scintillator screens obtained from the same manufacturer with thicknesses of 140 and 170 μm , respectively, which were placed in direct contact with the photodiode array. A CMOS photodiode array was used as an optical photon detector. The MTF was measured using the slanted-edge method while NNPS was determined by 2D Fourier transforming of uniformly exposed images. Both parameters were assessed by irradiation under the RQA-5 beam quality (IEC 62220-1). The DQE was assessed from the measured MTF, NNPS and the direct entrance surface air-Kerma (ESAK) obtained from X-ray spectra measurement with a portable CdTe detector. The detector response function was linear for the exposure range under investigation. The MTF of the present system was found higher than previously published MTF data for a 48 μm CMOS sensor, in the low and medium frequency ranges. DQE was found comparable, while the NNPS appeared to be higher in the 0–10 cycles/mm frequency range. The imaging performance of CsI:Tl scintillating screens in combination to the high resolution CMOS sensor, that was investigated in the present study, could be used in digital imaging systems in order to reduce exposure to patients.

George Fountos

Papers

Luminescence efficiency of lacl3:ce crystalline scintillator for different cerium concentrations: a theoretical study

Thin substrate powder scintillator screens for use in digital X-ray medical imaging applications

A theoretical study for the energy dependence of intrinsic conversion efficiency of lu2o3:eu and y2o2s:eu scintillator materials for use in medical imaging detectors

Cerium bromide x-ray scintillation properties

Experimental Evaluation of a High Resolution CMOS Digital Imaging Detector Coupled to Structured CsI Scintillators for Medical Imaging Applications