Giovanni Savini

TL;DR: Species of Culex amongst mosquitoes and magpies, carrion crows and rock pigeons amongst resident birds are the most probable species involved in this hypothetical WND endemic cycle.

TL;DR: The first worldwide case of Usutu virus (USUV) neuroinvasive infection in a patient with diffuse large B cell lymphoma who presented with fever and neurological symptoms and was diagnosed with meningoencephalitits is reported.

TL;DR: After the incursion of bluetongue virus (BTV) into European Mediterranean countries in 1998, vaccination was used in an effort to minimize direct economic losses to animal production, reduce virus circulation and allow safe movements of animals from endemic areas.

TL;DR: Results indicate that a species other than C imicola is involved in the current re-emergence of bluetongue in the Mediterranean Basin, but whether it is C obsoletus sensu stricto or C scoticus, or both, is uncertain.

TL;DR: The current status of WNV in mosquito populations across Europe is reviewed and how this is informing the understanding of virus epidemiology is reviewed, and some of the difficulties encountered when applying a cost-effective surveillance programme are highlighted.