One of the most pervasive problems afflicting people throughout the world is inadequate access to clean water and sanitation. Problems with water are expected to grow worse in the coming decades, with water scarcity occurring globally, even in regions currently considered water-rich. Addressing these problems calls out for a tremendous amount of research to be conducted to identify robust new methods of purifying water at lower cost and with less energy, while at the same time minimizing the use of chemicals and impact on the environment. Here we highlight some of the science and technology being developed to improve the disinfection and decontamination of water, as well as efforts to increase water supplies through the safe re-use of wastewater and efficient desalination of sea and brackish water.

Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades

http://publicationslist.org/data/meng.chong/ref-18/sdarticle.pdf

Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology: A Review

Fenton chemistry encompasses reactions of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron to generate highly reactive species such as the hydroxyl radical and possibly others. In this review, the complex mechanisms of Fenton and Fenton-like reactions and the important factors influencing these reactions, from both a fundamental and practical perspective, in applications to water and soil treatment, are discussed. The review covers modified versions including the photoassisted Fenton reaction, use of chelated iron, electro-Fenton reactions, and Fenton reactions using heterogeneous catalysts. Sections are devoted to nonclassical pathways, by-products, kinetics and process modeling, experimental design methodology, soil and aquifer treatment, use of Fenton in combination with other advanced oxidation processes or biodegradation, economic comparison with other advanced oxidation processes, and case studies.

/pdf/advanced-oxidation-processes-for-organic-contaminant-546ow329vb.pdf

Advanced Oxidation Processes for Organic Contaminant Destruction Based on the Fenton Reaction and Related Chemistry

Fouling in membrane bioreactors used in wastewater treatment

http://repository.ias.ac.in/39608/1/49_pub.pdf

A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions

Introduction and Background Classification of Biochemical Operations The Role of Biochemical Operations Criteria for Classification Common "Named" Biochemical Operations Key Points Study Questions References Fundamentals of Biochemical Operations Overview of Biochemical Operations Major Types of Microorganisms and Their Roles Microbial Ecosystems in Biochemical Operations Important Processes in Biochemical Operations Key Points Study Questions References Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Aerobic/Anoxic Biochemical Operations Stoichiometry and Generalized Reaction Rate Biomass Growth and Substrate Utilization Soluble Microbial Product Formation Solubilization of Particulate and High Molecular Weight Organic Matter Ammonification and Ammonia Utilization Phosphorus Uptake and Release Simplified Stoichiometry and Its Use Effects of Temperature Key Points Study Questions References Theory: Modeling of Ideal Suspended Growth Reactors Modeling Suspended Growth Systems Modeling Microbial Systems Mass Balance Equation Reactor Types Modeling Nonideal Reactors Key Points Study Questions References Aerobic Growth of Heterotrophs in a Single Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Receiving Soluble Substrate Basic Model for a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Extensions of the Basic Model Effects of Kinetic Parameters Biomass Wastage and Recycle Key Points Study Questions References Multiple Microbial Activities in a Single Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor International Water Association Activated Sludge Models Effect of Particulate Substrate Nitrification and Its Impacts Denitrification and Its Impacts Multiple Events Key Points Study Questions References Multiple Microbial Activities in Complex Systems Modeling Complex Systems Conventional and High Purity Oxygen Activated Sludge Step Feed Activated Sludge Contact Stabilization Activated Sludge Modified Ludzack-Ettinger Process Four-Stage Bardenpho Process Biological Phosphorus Removal Process Sequencing Batch Reactor Key Points Study Questions References Stoichiometry, Kinetics, and Simulations of Anaerobic Biochemical Operations Stoichiometry of Anaerobic Biochemical Operations Kinetics of Anaerobic Biochemical Operations Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 Key Points Study Questions References Techniques for Evaluating Kinetic and Stoichiometric Parameters Treatability Studies Simple Soluble Substrate Model with Traditional Decay as Presented in Chapter 5 Simple Soluble Substrate Model with Traditional Decay in the Absence of Data on the Active Fraction Use of Batch Reactors to Determine Monod Kinetic Parameters for Single Substrates Complex Substrate Model with Lysis:Regrowth Approach to Decay as Presented in Chapter 6 (International Water Association Activated Sludge Model No. 1) Using Traditional Measurements to Approximate Wastewater Characteristics for Modeling Key Points Study Questions References Applications: Suspended Growth Reactors Design and Evaluation of Suspended Growth Processes Guiding Principles Iterative Nature of Process Design and Evaluation Basic Decisions during Design and Evaluation Levels of Design and Evaluation Key Points Study Questions References Activated Sludge Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Biological Nutrient Removal Process Description Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Aerobic Digestion Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Study Questions References Anaerobic Processes Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Key Points Study Questions References Lagoons Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Theory: Modeling of Ideal Attached Growth Reactors Biofilm Modeling Effects of Transport Limitations Effects of Multiple Limiting Nutrients Multispecies Biofilms Multidimensional Mathematical Models of Biofilms Key Points Study Questions References Biofilm Reactors Packed Towers Rotating Disc Reactors Key Points Study Questions References Fluidized Bed Biological Reactors Description of Fluidized Bed Biological Reactor Fluidization Modeling Fluidized Bed Biological Reactors Theoretical Performance of Fluidized Bed Biological Reactors Sizing a Fluidized Bed Biological Reactor Key Points Study Questions References Applications: Attached Growth Reactors Trickling Filter Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Rotating Biological Contactor Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Submerged Attached Growth Bioreactors Process Description Factors Affecting Performance Process Design Process Operation Key Points Study Questions References Future Challenges Fate and Effects of Xenobiotic Organic Chemicals Biodegradation Abiotic Removal Mechanisms Relative Importance of Biotic and Abiotic Removal Effects of Xenobiotic Organic Chemicals Experience with Xenobiotic Organic Chemicals Key Points Study Questions References Designing Systems for Sustainability Defining Sustainability Technologies to Achieve Greater Water Resource Availability Technologies to Achieve Lower Energy and Chemical Consumption Technologies to Achieve Resource Recovery Closing Comments Study Questions References Appendix A: Acronyms Appendix B: Symbols Appendix C: Unit Conversions Index

Biological wastewater treatment.

Solids Separation Problems. Microscopic Examination of Activated Sludge with Special Reference to Floc Characteristics and Filamentous Organism Characterization. Control of Activated Sludge Bulking. Activated Sludge Foaming. Bibliography and References. Index.

Manual on the causes and control of activated sludge bulking and foaming

Driven by energy neutral/positive of wastewater treatment plants, significant efforts have been made on the research and development of mainstream partial nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) (PN/A) (deammonification) process since the early 2010s. To date, feasibility of mainstream PN/A process has been demonstrated and proven by experimental results at various scales although with the low loading rates and elevated nitrogen concentration in the effluent at low temperatures (15–10 °C). This review paper provides an overview of the current state of research and development of mainstream PN/A process and critically analyzes the bottlenecks for its full-scale application. The paper discusses the following: (i) the current status of research and development of mainstream PN/A process; (ii) the interactions among aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, aerobic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, anammox bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria; (iii) the suppression of aerobic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria; (iv) process and bioreactors; and (v) suggested further studies including efficient and robust carbon concentrating pretreatment, deepening of understanding competition between autotrophic nitrogen-converting organisms, intensification of biofilm anammox activity, reactor design, and final polishing.

Mainstream partial nitritation-anammox in municipal wastewater treatment: status, bottlenecks, and further studies.

The most common activated sludge operating problems causing poor plant performance are related to solids separation. Especially common are bulking and foaming. Without a proper scientific foundation to support the efforts of wastewater treatment plant management, many attempts to thwart bulking and foaming have failed.Manual on Solving Activated Sludge Bulking, Foaming, and Other Solids Separation Problems provides the critical scientific and practical underpinnings needed to understand and combat these problems. The third edition of this flagship text is a comprehensive, concise guide to the microbiological and technical aspects of controlling all types of solid separation problems.The scientific theory is applied to real-world scenarios, greatly increasing the number of real-world examples of successful control methods. New information is also included on filamentous organism growth and its application in the control of sludge bulking and foaming. Now plant operators, regulators and wastewater engineers have a complete guide for battling these formidable design and operating problems.

Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking, Foaming, and Other Solids Separation Problems

To employ technologies that sustainably harvest resources from wastewater (for example struvite granules shown here), new perceptions and infrastructure planning and design processes are required.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es9010515

Glen T. Daigger

Papers

Biological wastewater treatment.

Manual on the causes and control of activated sludge bulking and foaming

Mainstream partial nitritation-anammox in municipal wastewater treatment: status, bottlenecks, and further studies.

Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking, Foaming, and Other Solids Separation Problems

A new planning and design paradigm to achieve sustainable resource recovery from wastewater