Precipitation, adsorption and rhizosphere effect: The mechanisms for Phosphate-induced Pb immobilization in soils-A review.

Speciation and phytoavailability of lead and antimony in a small arms range soil amended with mussel shell, cow bone and biochar: EXAFS spectroscopy and chemical extractions.

Speciation and bioavailability of selenium and antimony in non-flooded and wetland soils: a review.

Phosphorus-rich manure biochar has a potential for stabilizing Pb and other heavy metal contaminants, as well as serving as a sterile fertilizer. In this study, broiler litter biochars produced at 350 and 650 °C were employed to understand how biochar’s elemental composition (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn) affects the extent of heavy metal stabilization. Soil incubation experiments were conducted using a sandy, slightly acidic (pH 6.11) Pb-contaminated (19906 mg kg–1 total Pb primarily as PbCO3) small arms range (SAR) soil fraction (<250 μm) amended with 2–20 wt % biochar. The Pb stabilization in pH 4.9 acetate buffer reached maximum at lower (2–10 wt %) biochar amendment rate, and 350 °C biochar containing more soluble P was better able to stabilize Pb than the 650 °C biochar. The 350 °C biochar consistently released greater amounts of P, K, Mg, Na, and Ca than 650 °C biochar in both unbuffered (pH 4.5 sulfuric acid) and buffered (pH 4.9 acetate) systems, despite 1.9–4.5-fold greater total content...

Lead Retention by Broiler Litter Biochars in Small Arms Range Soil: Impact of Pyrolysis Temperature

Antimony (Sb) and lead (Pb) in contaminated shooting range soils: Sb and Pb mobility and immobilization by iron based sorbents, a field study

The effect of phosphate application on the mobility of antimony in firing range soils.

: The Department of Defense operates hundreds of hand grenade ranges (HGRs) for training purposes. Hand grenade training is a necessary function to maintain mission readiness for our nation's war fighters. Live fire training creates a potential source zone for munitions constituents such as metals and explosives. Fragmentation grenades, typically containing the high explosive composition B (60% RDX, 39% TNT) within a steel shell casing, constitute the majority of hand grenades used at fixed position ranges. Explosives have been detected in HGR soils at levels from the low parts per billion (micrograms/kiloggrams) up to percent levels. RDX has been detected in leachate waters below live fire HGRs and in surface waters leaving ranges. Two of the potential pathways for offsite migration of metals and explosives from HGR soil are transport in surface water and subsurface transport in leachate. Simple, innovative, and cost effective technologies are being developed which can break down munitions constituents quickly at the training sites and prevent residues from migrating to local surface water or groundwater supplies. The application of hydrated lime to an HGR to provide a mechanism for both metals immobilization and explosives transformation was demonstrated at the Fort Jackson, SC HGRs. The results indicate that application of lime can reduce the munitions constituent migration by transforming energetic compounds by over 90%. In addition, the metals are stabilized in the soil, with reduction in the concentrations of iron and zinc leaving the range via surface water and leachate. This technology demonstrated that application of lime is a low-cost treatment that can be incorporated into range management operations and practices.

Greg Zynda

Papers

The effect of phosphate application on the mobility of antimony in firing range soils.

Grenade Range Management Using Lime for Dual Role of Metals Immobilization and Explosives Transformation. Field Demonstration at Fort Jackson, SC