The expression of the human Ki-67 protein is strictly associated with cell proliferation. During interphase, the antigen can be exclusively detected within the nucleus, whereas in mitosis most of the protein is relocated to the surface of the chromosomes. The fact that the Ki-67 protein is present during all active phases of the cell cycle (G(1), S, G(2), and mitosis), but is absent from resting cells (G(0)), makes it an excellent marker for determining the so-called growth fraction of a given cell population. In the first part of this study, the term proliferation marker is discussed and examples of the applications of anti-Ki-67 protein antibodies in diagnostics of human tumors are given. The fraction of Ki-67-positive tumor cells (the Ki-67 labeling index) is often correlated with the clinical course of the disease. The best-studied examples in this context are carcinomas of the prostate and the breast. For these types of tumors, the prognostic value for survival and tumor recurrence has repeatedly been proven in uni- and multivariate analysis. The preparation of new monoclonal antibodies that react with the Ki-67 equivalent protein from rodents now extends the use of the Ki-67 protein as a proliferation marker to laboratory animals that are routinely used in basic research. The second part of this review focuses on the biology of the Ki-67 protein. Our current knowledge of the Ki-67 gene and protein structure, mRNA splicing, expression, and cellular localization during the cell-division cycle is summarized and discussed. Although the Ki-67 protein is well characterized on the molecular level and extensively used as a proliferation marker, the functional significance still remains unclear. There are indications, however, that Ki-67 protein expression is an absolute requirement for progression through the cell-division cycle.

The Ki‐67 protein: From the known and the unknown

Pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs

It sounds good when knowing the pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung pleura thymus and heart in this website. This is one of the books that many people looking for. In the past, many people ask about this book as their favourite book to read and collect. And now, we present hat you need quickly. It seems to be so happy to offer you this famous book. It will not become a unity of the way for you to get amazing benefits at all. But, it will serve something that will let you get the best time and moment to spend for reading the book.

Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung , pleura, thymus and heart

结节病易误诊,据王洪武等~([1])收集国内18篇关于此病误诊的文献,误诊率高达63.2%,当然有误诊就会有误治,如孙永昌等~([2])报道26例结节病在影像学检查诊断的第一印象中拟诊结核5例,其中就有2例完成规范的抗结核治疗,为此应引起临床对本病诊治的重视。

Sarcoidosis

New vessel formation (angiogenesis) is an essential physiological process for embryologic development, normal growth, and tissue repair. Angiogenesis is tightly regulated at the molecular level. Dy...

/pdf/normalization-of-the-vasculature-for-treatment-of-cancer-and-2h8cvmxt9o.pdf

Normalization of the vasculature for treatment of cancer and other diseases

Carcinoma in situ in the contralateral testis was diagnosed in 27 of 500 patients (5.4%) with unilateral testicular germ cell cancer. Eight of the 27 patients received intensive chemotherapy for spread of their initial testicular cancer. Follow up biopsy studies did not detect changes of carcinoma in situ in any of these patients, and none developed a contralateral testicular tumour (observation time 12-88 months). Of the remaining 19 patients with carcinoma in situ, seven developed contralateral testicular cancer. The estimated risk of developing invasive growth was 40% within three years and 50% within five years. None of the 473 patients without carcinoma in situ detected by screening biopsy developed contralateral testicular cancer (observation time 12-96 months). No serious complications arose from the biopsy procedures. All patients with unilateral testicular germ cell cancer should be offered biopsy of the contralateral testis.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/29525286.pdf

Carcinoma in situ of contralateral testis in patients with testicular germ cell cancer: study of 27 cases in 500 patients.

Immunohistochemical investigations of tumors of supposed fibroblastic-histiocytic origin

Examination of histologic specimens from 105 patients with malignant germ‐cell tumors of the testis confirms a high incidence of carcinoma in situ in seminiferous tubules adjacent to the tumors. The assumption that carcinoma in situ may be the origin of germ‐cell tumors is supported.

Carcinoma in situ of testicular tissue adjacent to malignant germ-cell tumors: A study of 105 cases

Immunohistochemical evidence for an intracellular localization of plasma proteins in human foetal choroid plexus and brain.

Recently, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) has been suggested as a tumour marker in patients with seminomas (S), since elevated serum levels of PLAP were found with high frequency in these patients. The present immunoperoxidase study of 33 testicular germ cell tumours was undertaken to localize PLAP in the various types of these tumours as well as in the carcinoma-in-situ (CIS) pattern. Eighteen out of 19 (95%) S were PLAP positive compared to nine out of 14 (64%) non-seminomas (NS). In the NS the positive staining reaction was localized to tumour components of embryonal carcinoma (EC) in six cases, of choriocarcinoma (CC) in one and of S in two, while components of yolk sac tumour and teratoma were PLAP negative. The number of positively stained cells in S was much higher than in EC. The staining reaction was pronounced in the syncytiotrophoblast of CC and in some syncytiotrophoblast-like cells present in S. The staining reaction product was mainly confined to the cell membrane in the positive tumour types. In 20 out of 24 cases with CIS various numbers of CIS cells were PLAP positive, while PLAP was not found in normal germinal epithelium. Sixty three per cent of S patients had serum values above 1.0 micrograms/l, while such values occurred in 21% of NS patients. The tissue staining pattern for PLAP was found to correspond to the preoperative serum value. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that PLAP may be a useful marker in patients with S. Serum levels of PLAP may be used diagnostically in patients with testicular tumours and for monitoring therapy and detection of recurrences in patients with S. For optimal utility of this marker, determinations of serum profiles of PLAP are recommended. Finally, demonstration of PLAP in CIS indicates a functional relationship between CIS and S supporting the hypothesis that CIS is the precursor state of these tumours.

Grete Krag Jacobsen

Papers

Carcinoma in situ of contralateral testis in patients with testicular germ cell cancer: study of 27 cases in 500 patients.

Immunohistochemical investigations of tumors of supposed fibroblastic-histiocytic origin

Carcinoma in situ of testicular tissue adjacent to malignant germ-cell tumors: A study of 105 cases

Immunohistochemical evidence for an intracellular localization of plasma proteins in human foetal choroid plexus and brain.

Placental alkaline phosphatase in testicular germ cell tumours and in carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. An immunohistochemical study.