The global incidence of Shigella infection has been estimated at 80-165 million episodes annually, with 99% of episodes occurring in the developing world. To identify contemporary gaps in the understanding of the global epidemiology of shigellosis, we conducted a review of the English-language scientific literature from 1984 to 2005, restricting the search to low and medium human development countries. Our review yielded 11 population-based studies of Shigella burden from seven countries. No population-based studies have been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa or in low human development countries. In studies done in all age groups, Shigella incidence varied from 0.6 to 107 episodes/1000 person-years. S. flexneri was the most commonly detected subgroup in the majority of studies. Case-fatality rates ranged from 0% to 2.6% in population-based studies and from 0% to 21% in facility-based studies. This review highlights the large gaps in data on the burden of Shigella infections for low human development index countries and, more specifically, for sub-Saharan Africa.

Part II. Analysis of data gaps pertaining to Shigella infections in low and medium human development index countries, 1984-2005.

Background. In September 2007, the Gayeshpur municipality reported a cluster of cases with diarrhoea. We aimed to identify the causative agent and the source of the disease. Methods. We defined a case as the occurrence of diarrhoea (>3 loose stools/day) with fever or bloody stools in a resident of Gayeshpur in September–October 2007. We asked healthcare facilities to report cases, collected stool specimens from patients, constructed an epidemic curve, drew a map and calculated the incidence by age and sex. We also conducted a matched case–control study (58 in each group), calculated matched odds ratio (MOR) and population attributable fraction (PAF), as well as assessed the environment. Results. We identified 461 cases (attack rate: 46/1000 population) and isolated Shigella flexneri (serotype 2a and 3a) from 3 of 4 stool specimens. The attack rate was higher among females (52/1000) and those in the age group of 45–59 years (71/1000). The outbreak started on 22 September, peaked multiple times and subsided on 12 October 2007. Cases were clustered distal to a leaking pipeline that crossed an open drain to intermittently supply non-chlorinated water to taps. The 58 cases and 58 controls were matched for age and sex. Drinking tap water (MOR: 10; 95% CI: 3–32; PAF: 89%), washing utensils in tap water (MOR: 3.7; 95% CI: 1.2–11.3) and bathing in tap water (MOR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.1–11) were associated with the illness. Conclusion. This outbreak of diarrhoea and Shigella flexneri dysentery was caused by contamination of tap water and subsided following repair of the pipeline. We recommended regular chlorination of the water and maintenance of pipelines.

An urban, water-borne outbreak of diarrhoea and shigellosis in a district town in eastern India.

A CrN/AlCrN coating was prepared on a carbide substrate and PCB milling cutter by the cathodic arc ion plating technique. The organization, mechanical and tribological properties of the coating were studied. The milling performance of the coated milling cutters was investigated by milling tests. The results show that the surface of the CrN/AlCrN coating is smooth and dense without obvious defects. The coating has high hardness, low roughness and good bonding strength, presenting excellent mechanical properties. The coating showed better tribological performance and a lower friction coefficient under low load than that under high load, and the wear forms were adhesive wear and a small amount of oxidation wear. The coated milling cutters showed excellent milling performance when working at lower feed rates. The service life of coated milling cutters is significantly higher compared to uncoated cutters.

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Study on the Cutting Performance of CrN/AlCrN-Coated Carbide PCB Milling Cutter

Effects of lightning on UAM aircraft: Complex zoning and direct effects on composite prop-rotor blade

Biodegradables are a promising path for the future of electronics in a greener mindset. The review study focuses on their applications and past and current research results. The paper also investigates the application of nanomaterials as fillers to control or increase the physical (electrical, mechanical, thermal) properties of biodegradable biopolymers. These biodegradables and nanocomposites are already effectively used in prototypes and advanced application areas with demanding requirements, such as flexible and wearable electronics, implantable or biomedical applications, and traditional commercial electronics. The nano-enhanced biopolymer substrates (e.g., with improved gas and water barrier functionalities) sometimes also with integrated, nano-enabled functionalities (such as electromagnetic shielding or plasmonic activity) can be beneficial in many electronics packaging and nanopackaging applications as well.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782713/9036065/09944849.pdf

Biodegradable and Nanocomposite Materials as Printed Circuit Substrates: A Mini-Review

Comparative study of different natural fibre printed circuit board (PCB) composites

Outbreak of dysentery due to Shigella flexneri type 2a.

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a long-desired service which will revolutionize the present transportation facilities, by introducing air mobility for on-demand aviation. Due to the continuous increase in population, road traffic is increasing at alarming rates and the problem of congestion is also increasing in metro cities. These new services will provide improved ways for individuals to go around urban communities and urban territories while decreasing blockage. eVTOLs are aircraft that are capable of Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) with no requirement of run-up space and are tremendously getting popular when it comes to UAM due to the important factor of clean propulsion with zero-emission. The industry is rapidly proposing and adopting new vehicle concepts to meet consumer demands and hence conceptually designing these vehicles with basic guidelines will set a preliminary foundation for more innovative technologies to come. This research work sets a baseline procedure and an initial iteration example for the industries and upcoming companies in this sector hence focuses on the Conceptual designing of eVTOLs. The novelty of the presented work lies in enhanced eVTOL configuration using coaxial ducted tilt rotors with wings.

Baseline procedure for conceptual designing of an eVTOL for Urban Air Mobility

Outbreak of post-measles gastroenteritis due to Shigella dysenteriae type-I in Karsog Tehsil, District Mandi (H.P).

During present work an attempt was made to unmask antigens in putrefied and adipocere blood samples by treating them with organic solvents for better results in ABO blood typing.Nineputrefied and adipocerous bodies blood samples were obtained from DFSL labo - ratory, New Delhi, India.Each sample was divided into two groups: Control and Experimentaland were proceeded for in vitro protocol. The Control group which was not treated with any organic solvents does not showed agglutination. The Experimental group treated with different organic solution showed agglutination. Maximum agglutination was observed in sample treated with absolute ether in a duration dependent manner.

/pdf/antigens-unmasking-using-organic-solvents-for-abo-blood-2v0apofn5p.pdf

Gupta Mk

Papers

Comparative study of different natural fibre printed circuit board (PCB) composites

Outbreak of dysentery due to Shigella flexneri type 2a.

Baseline procedure for conceptual designing of an eVTOL for Urban Air Mobility

Outbreak of post-measles gastroenteritis due to Shigella dysenteriae type-I in Karsog Tehsil, District Mandi (H.P).

Antigens Unmasking Using Organic Solvents for ABO Blood Typing Ofputrefied and Adipocere Bod- ies Blood Samples During Forensic Autopsies