The concern with food safety in the milk chain begins with the quality of the raw milk. Due to the health hazard that this food can carry when contaminated, the focus of studies has turned to microbiological and chemical contaminants that may be present in raw milk. There is an essential concern about conventional pathogens (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp.) and emerging pathogens (Arcobacter butzleri, Yersinia enterocolitica, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, and Cronobacter sakazakii) found in raw milk and dairy products. In addition, a growing public health issue has been raised regarding antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and commensal strains found in milk and dairy products. The antibiotic residues in milk can also damage health, such as allergies, and cause technological problems in dairy products processing. This health issue extends to other chemical contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, melamine, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, plasticizers, and additives in milk and dairy products. Other chemical substances formed by microorganisms are also of high importance, such as biogenic amines and mycotoxins. Therefore, this chapter aimed to revise and discuss relevant biological and chemical risks to ensure the safety and quality of raw milk and dairy products. 

Relevant safety aspects of raw milk for dairy foods processing.

One of the salting methods in cheese production implies salting the milk before coagulation used in making Domiati-type cheeses and a variety of autochthonous “Lički Škripavac” cheese. The most used sodium replacer is potassium. This study investigated the influence of different added salt concentrations (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) and NaCl to KCl ratios (100%, 50:50%, 25:75%) on the rennet coagulation and curd firmness in bovine milk. The milk coagulation parameters were determined with a computerized renneting meter, Lactodinamograph. The results showed significant interactions between the salt concentrations and NaCl to KCl ratios (p < 0.0001, α = 0.05) by prolonging the beginning of coagulation (10–20 min) and curd firming rate (1–5 min) by an increase in salt concentration for all treatments. The 50:50 treatment values (RCT, k20, a30, a60, amax) were closest to the control (without salt) and had the best results among all treatments in the lower (1%) and medium (1.5%) salt concentration (p > 0.0001, α = 0.05) while in the highest salt concentration (2%) the treatment effect was nonsignificant (p > 0.05). These results should help future studies make a lower sodium product appealing to consumers without losing quality.

Influence of Sodium and Potassium Chloride on Rennet Coagulation and Curd Firmness in Bovine Milk

Bu çalışmada, Anadolu mandası sütlerinin bazı fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri ve bu özelliklerde laktasyon boyunca meydana gelen değişmeler incelenmiştir. Çalışma, Düzce’de yetiştirilen 30 Anadolu manda sütleri üzerinde yürütülmüş ve toplamda 462 süt örneği analiz edilmiştir. Analiz edilen manda sütü örneklerinin genel ortalama kuru madde oranı %15.74, yağ oranı %6.49, protein oranı %4.30, süt tuzları oranı %0.77, laktoz oranı %5.40, pH’sı 6.72, özgül ağırlığı 1.030, donma noktası -0.62°C, elektrik iletkenliği 2.73 mS/cm ve somatik hücre sayısı 152760 hücre/mL olarak bulunmuştur. Manda sütlerinin kuru madde değerleri laktasyonun sonlarında yüksek çıkmıştır (P <0.05). En yüksek yağ değeri Eylül ve Ekim aylarında gözlenmiştir (P <0.05). Laktoz değerleri Temmuz ayında yüksek çıkmıştır. Özgül ağırlık değerleri 1.029 ile 1.033 arasında değişmiştir. İletkenlik değerleri Ağustos ayında 2.95 mS/cm’ye çıkmıştır. Donma noktası değerleri Temmuz ayına kadar düşmüş, sonraki aylarda artmıştır (P <0.05). Somatik hücre sayıları en yüksek Mayıs ayında tespit edilmiştir (P <0.05).

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Changes in the milk of anatolian buffalo raised in duzce during lactation period

The aim of this study was to determine the associations between the cleanliness of the udder and skin of the hind part of the body and somatic cell counts in milk, milk yield, and milk composition in Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White cows in autumn and winter. During test-day milking in the milking parlour a visual inspection of each animal was performed to evaluate the cleanliness of the udder, underbelly, tail base, upper hind limbs, and lower hind limbs. Soiling on the skin with faeces in each analysed part of the cow’s body had a significant effect on the somatic cell count in the milk. The results of the study indicate that among the body parts analysed, the cleanliness status of the hind quarters of the udder had the greatest influence on the SCC in milk. In addition, increased soiling of the skin of the underbelly, tail base, and upper and lower parts of the hind limbs significantly reduced the contents of protein, casein, and dry matter in milk. which reveal an individual to environmental conditions. In the case of an important of management that level the cleanliness Research results show that the comfort of cows, hygiene in housing

Associations between udder and skin cleanliness and somatic cell counts, yield, and composition of the milk of Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White cows in autumn and winter

Lactose and its relationship with other milk constituents, somatic cell count, and total bacterial count

This study analyzed the behavior of the annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) BRS Ponteio and dual-purpose wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) BRS Taruma with different doses of ammonium sulfate as topdressing and evaluated the exponential growth model to explain the physiological development of both species. For each species, a completely randomized design was used with four replications per treatment with 9m 2 area, in which the following treatments were distributed: 0, 150, 250, 350 and 450 kg nitrogen per hectare applied as ammonium sulfate. The cumulative and adjusted productions to the exponential growth model at the end of the cycle were, respectively: BRS Ponteio 150 = 5,620; 250 = 5,920; 350 = 7,585 and 450 = 8,491 and BRS Taruma 150 = 3,922; 250 = 5,060; 350 = 7,024 and 450 = 7,491 kg dry matter per hectare. The cultivars analyzed without nitrogen application had limited growth and showed no adjustment even to the first order linear model. The application of nitrogen decreased the interval between cuts and increased dry matter production per hectare following the exponential growth model.

Gustavo Veiverberg Antunes

Papers

Lactose and its relationship with other milk constituents, somatic cell count, and total bacterial count

Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) BRS Ponteio and wheat (Triticum aestivum) BRS Tarumã pasture with different doses of ammonium sulfate as topdressing