This Review is focused on ion-transport mechanisms and fundamental properties of solid-state electrolytes to be used in electrochemical energy-storage systems. Properties of the migrating species significantly affecting diffusion, including the valency and ionic radius, are discussed. The natures of the ligand and metal composing the skeleton of the host framework are analyzed and shown to have large impacts on the performance of solid-state electrolytes. A comprehensive identification of the candidate migrating species and structures is carried out. Not only the bulk properties of the conductors are explored, but the concept of tuning the conductivity through interfacial effects—specifically controlling grain boundaries and strain at the interfaces—is introduced. High-frequency dielectric constants and frequencies of low-energy optical phonons are shown as examples of properties that correlate with activation energy across many classes of ionic conductors. Experimental studies and theoretical results are...

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Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction

Lattice vibrations of manganese oxides. Part I. Periodic structures.

The ability to engineer surface properties of nanocrystals (NCs) is important for various applications, as many of the physical and chemical properties of nanoscale materials are strongly affected by the surface chemistry. Here, we report a facile ligand-exchange approach, which enables sequential surface functionalization and phase transfer of colloidal NCs while preserving the NC size and shape. Nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (NOBF4) is used to replace the original organic ligands attached to the NC surface, stabilizing the NCs in various polar, hydrophilic media such as N,N-dimethylformamide for years, with no observed aggregation or precipitation. This approach is applicable to various NCs (metal oxides, metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics) of different sizes and shapes. The hydrophilic NCs obtained can subsequently be further functionalized using a variety of capping molecules, imparting different surface functionalization to NCs depending on the molecules employed. Our work provides a versatile l...

A generalized ligand-exchange strategy enabling sequential surface functionalization of colloidal nanocrystals.

This review article summarizes the last few decades of research on nickel hydroxide, an important material in physics and chemistry, that has many applications in engineering including, significantly, batteries. First, the structures of the two known polymorphs, denoted as α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2, are described. The various types of disorder, which are frequently present in nickel hydroxide materials, are discussed including hydration, stacking fault disorder, mechanical stresses and the incorporation of ionic impurities. Several related materials are discussed, including intercalated α-derivatives and basic nickel salts. Next, a number of methods to prepare, or synthesize, nickel hydroxides are summarized, including chemical precipitation, electrochemical precipitation, sol-gel synthesis, chemical ageing, hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis, electrochemical oxidation, microwave-assisted synthesis, and sonochemical methods. Finally, the known physical properties of the nickel hydroxides are reviewed, including their magnetic, vibrational, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. The last section in this paper is intended to serve as a summary of both the potentially useful properties of these materials and the methods for the identification and characterization of 'unknown' nickel hydroxide-based samples.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspa.2014.0792

Nickel hydroxides and related materials: a review of their structures, synthesis and properties.

Superionic conductors are compounds that exhibit exceptionally high values of ionic conductivity within the solid state. Indeed, their conductivities often reach values of the order of 1 Ω−1 cm−1, which are comparable to those observed in the molten state. Following Faraday's first observation of high ionic conductivity within the solids β-PbF2 and Ag2S in 1836, a fundamental understanding of the nature of the superionic state has provided one of the major challenges in the field of condensed matter science. However, experimental and theoretical approaches to their study are often made difficult by the extensive dynamic structural disorder which characterizes superionic conduction and the inapplicability of many of the commonly used approximations in solid state physics. Nevertheless, a clearer picture of the nature of the superionic state at the ionic level has emerged within the past few decades. Many different techniques have contributed to these advances, but the most significant insights have been provided by neutron scattering experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. This review will summarize the state of current knowledge concerning the crystal structures and conduction processes of superionic conductors, beginning with a comparison of the behaviour of two of the most widely studied binary compounds, AgI and β-PbF2. Each can be considered a parent of two larger families of highly conducting compounds which are related by either chemical or structural means. These include perovskite-structured oxides and Li+ containing spinel-structured compounds, which have important commercial applications in fuel cells and lightweight batteries, respectively. In parallel with these discussions, the relative importance of factors such as bonding character and the properties of the mobile and immobile ions (charge, size, polarizability, etc) in promoting the extensive lattice disorder which characterizes superionic behaviour will be assessed and the possibilities for predicting a priori which compounds will display high ionic conductivity discussed.

/pdf/superionics-crystal-structures-and-conduction-processes-1q9bpg4zfv.pdf

Superionics: crystal structures and conduction processes

Lattice vibration spectra. LIX. Single crystal infrared and Raman studies of spinel type oxides

Lattice vibration spectra: XLVIII. Infrared and Raman studies of spinel-type fast lonic conductorsLi2MCl4 (M =Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Cd) and Li2MnBr4

Vibrational analysis of iron and zinc phosphate conversion coating constituents.

Redetermination of the Crystal Structure of γ-In2Se3by Twin Crystal X-Ray Method

Near-infrared spectra of M(OH)Cl (M = Ca, Cd, Sr), Zn(OH)F, γ-Cd(OH) 2 , Sr(OH) 2 , and brucite-type hydroxides M(OH) 2 (M = Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cd)

H. D. Lutz

Papers

Lattice vibration spectra. LIX. Single crystal infrared and Raman studies of spinel type oxides

Lattice vibration spectra: XLVIII. Infrared and Raman studies of spinel-type fast lonic conductorsLi2MCl4 (M =Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Cd) and Li2MnBr4

Vibrational analysis of iron and zinc phosphate conversion coating constituents.

Redetermination of the Crystal Structure of γ-In2Se3by Twin Crystal X-Ray Method

Near-infrared spectra of M(OH)Cl (M = Ca, Cd, Sr), Zn(OH)F, γ-Cd(OH) 2 , Sr(OH) 2 , and brucite-type hydroxides M(OH) 2 (M = Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cd)