Because of their great strength and stiffness with regard to their weight, extruded sections are commonly utilized as essential parts in many areas. The investigation focuses on experimental and theoretical analysis of cold extruded aluminium composites. Four types of extrusion die configurations, such as 12:8, 2:4, 12:2, and 8:4, were used to obtain the aluminium composite billets. Aluminium with 5 wt% SiC material was used for the fabrication of Ingot. The theoretical models have been used to determine the extrusion load compared with the experimental value. Moreover, the theoretical model is modified to reflect the relative significance of extrusion parameters in the extrusion process and to provide the actual value of the testing process. Also, the modified model was attributed to developing the equation for evaluating the extrusion load in the intermediate process of extrusion for all the types of extrusion die configurations. The experimentally investigated extrusion load has a 0.81% deviation with the modified model and increased with other theoretical models. Surface morphology analysis was carried out for all configurations of extruded billet components and indicated the surface quality of the extruded billet.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of extrusion load for AA6063/SiC extruded composite billet

The versatile world of cellulose-based materials in healthcare: From production to applications

Friction stir consolidation (FSC) is a promising manufacturing process for metal matrix hybrid composites (MMHC) with excellent mechanical properties. The originality of this study involves the exploration of the fabrication technique (FSC), the selection of materials and the optimization of wear behavior via a systematic investigation of the process parameters. The aim of this study was to optimize and investigate the wear behavior of MMHCs fabricated using FSC. The optimum sample was nominated for thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and wear morphology analysis using SEM imaging. Material compositions of 7.5%wt of SiC, 7.5%wt of ZrO2 and 85%wt of AZ61 were considered for the experimental investigation. The RSM Box–Behnken design followed by a genetic algorithm (GA) was implemented to optimize the process parameters of sliding distance, speed and load at 350 m, 500 m and 650 m; 220 rpm, 240 rpm and 260 rpm; and 20 N, 30 N and 40 N, respectively. The RSM Box–Behnken result showed that the minimum wear rate of 0.008 mg/m was obtained at 350 m, 20 N and 240 rpm, whereas GA predicted the optimum parametric setup at 350 m, 20 N and 220 rpm. Additionally, TGA showed the material’s thermal stability from 375 °C to 480 °C. Generally, MMHCs exhibited a promising wear performance, proving the effectiveness of the FSC.

https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/7/7/275/pdf?version=1688442297

Wear Behavior of AZ61 Matrix Hybrid Composite Fabricated via Friction Stir Consolidation: A Combined RSM Box–Behnken and Genetic Algorithm Optimization

The differences between flat and U-Shaped pure copper strips during a continuous extrusion process were investigated and analyzed through finite element simulation and experimentation. The simulation results showed that nearly all of the temperature-, velocity-, and loading-force-related parameters of the U-Shaped product at the die exit were smaller than those of the flat product, which indicated that extruding U-Shaped copper strips by continuous extrusion was superior to the flat strips. This conclusion was further verified experimentally by measuring the temperature and torque force. Then, a comparative analysis of the microstructure of the two cases was carried out. The average grain size of the U-Shaped strips was 65.6 µm, which was smaller than that of the flat strips, which was 96.7 µm. In addition, the microstructure of the U-Shaped strips was more uniform and had a higher recrystallization ratio, which can be attributed to the even and severe plastic deformation. This study thus solves the size limitation issue that existed in continuous extrusion.

/pdf/a-comparative-study-on-flat-and-u-shaped-copper-strips-3pi577d4.pdf

A Comparative Study on Flat and U-Shaped Copper Strips Produced by Continuous Extrusion

The challenge encountered in continuous forming process is the variation in mechanical strength of product formed with respect to process variables like extrusion wheel speed and diameter of product. In this research article, the micro-structural investigation of the aluminum (AA1100) feedstock material of 9.5-mm diameter has been carried out at various extrusion wheel speeds and diameter of product before and after deformation on commercial continuous extrusion setup TBJ350. The mechanical properties like yield strength as well as percentage elongation have been estimated and optimized using two variables with 3 levels through central composite rotatable design (CCRD) method. The mathematical modeling has been carried out to predict the optimum combination of process parameters for obtaining maximum value of yield strength and percentage elongation. The statistical significance of mathematical model is verified through analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum value of yield strength is found to be 70.939 MPa at wheel velocity of 8.63 rpm and product diameter of 9 mm respectively, whereas the maximum percentage elongation recorded is 46.457 at wheel velocity of 7.06 rpm and product diameter of 7.18 mm. The outcome may be useful in obtaining the best parametric combination of wheel speed and extrusion ratio for best strength of the product.

/pdf/microstructural-and-mechanical-studies-of-feedstock-material-3pitphdcdx.pdf

Microstructural and mechanical studies of feedstock material in continuous extrusion process

Nowadays metal matrix composite materials are preferable in automotive and aerospace industries due to their mechanical properties and essentially attractive strength to weight ratios. However, their availability in use is limited because of their manufacturing method difficulty and process extravagancy. The aim of this research was to fabricate metal matrix hybrid composite through a novel approach thermo-mechanical method called friction stir consolidation (FSC) process. XRD result witnessed the presence of SiC, ZrO2, and AZ61 alloy phases. Different compositions of AZ61, SiC, and ZrO2 powder were taken into consideration and the progression of the FSC process were examined through properties of compressive strength, hardness, density, and porosity. For instance, the compressive yield strength of composition 85%Vol. of AZ61, 10%Vol. of ZrO2, and 5%Vol. of SiC accounts 164.2 MPa with an acceptable 2.2451 g/cm3 and 0.593% density and porosity respectively. However, when the strength to weight ratio was taken into consideration, 95%Vol. of AZ61, 2.5%Vol. of ZrO2, and 2.5%Vol. of SiC composition attained highest strength to weight ratio value. Additionally, the compressive yield strength value increased directly proportional with the ZrO2 volumetric composition. Likewise, the fractured surface of sample acquired highest strength to weight ratio was examined through SEM Fractography analysis.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/16878132231180013

Physical and mechanical behavior of aluminum-magnesium alloy matrix hybrid composite fabricated through friction stir consolidation process

Flax is a commercial crop grown in many parts of the world both for its seeds and for its fibers. The seed-based flax variety (linseed) is considered less for its fiber after the seed is extracted. In this study, linseed straw was utilized and processed to extract fiber and cellulose through optimization of retting time and a multi-step alkaline peroxide extraction process using the Taguchi design of experiment (DOE). Effects of retting duration on fiber properties as well as effects of solvent concentration, reaction temperature, and time on removal of non-cellulosic fiber components were studied using the gravimetric technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal studies. Based on these findings, retting for 216 h at room temperature should offer adequate retting efficiency and fiber characteristics; 70% cellulose yield was extracted successfully from linseed straw fiber using 75% ethanol–toluene at 98 °C for 4 h, 6% NaOH at 75 °C for 30 min, and 6% H2O2 at 90 °C for 120 min.

/pdf/extraction-and-characterization-of-fiber-and-cellulose-from-2004bwsn.pdf

Extraction and Characterization of Fiber and Cellulose from Ethiopian Linseed Straw: Determination of Retting Period and Optimization of Multi-Step Alkaline Peroxide Process

Habtamu Beri Tufa

Papers

Microstructural and mechanical studies of feedstock material in continuous extrusion process

Physical and mechanical behavior of aluminum-magnesium alloy matrix hybrid composite fabricated through friction stir consolidation process

Extraction and Characterization of Fiber and Cellulose from Ethiopian Linseed Straw: Determination of Retting Period and Optimization of Multi-Step Alkaline Peroxide Process