The global burden of cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors, particularly smoking, in economically developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008; of these, 56% of the cases and 64% of the deaths occurred in the economically developing world. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases and 14% of the cancer deaths. Lung cancer is the leading cancer site in males, comprising 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% of the total cancer deaths. Breast cancer is now also the leading cause of cancer death among females in economically developing countries, a shift from the previous decade during which the most common cause of cancer death was cervical cancer. Further, the mortality burden for lung cancer among females in developing countries is as high as the burden for cervical cancer, with each accounting for 11% of the total female cancer deaths. Although overall cancer incidence rates in the developing world are half those seen in the developed world in both sexes, the overall cancer mortality rates are generally similar. Cancer survival tends to be poorer in developing countries, most likely because of a combination of a late stage at diagnosis and limited access to timely and standard treatment. A substantial proportion of the worldwide burden of cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing programs for tobacco control, vaccination (for liver and cervical cancers), and early detection and treatment, as well as public health campaigns promoting physical activity and a healthier dietary intake. Clinicians, public health professionals, and policy makers can play an active role in accelerating the application of such interventions globally.

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Global cancer statistics

Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We review the sources and methods used in compiling the national cancer incidence and mortality estimates, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site and in 20 large “areas” of the world. Overall, there were 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (1.82 million), breast (1.67 million), and colorectal (1.36 million); the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths).

/pdf/cancer-incidence-and-mortality-worldwide-sources-methods-and-39u2aiv4y0.pdf

Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.

With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high-quality data from an additional number of population-based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population-based cancer registries (2009-2011), representing 6.5% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000-2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age-standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2% per year; P = .1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2% per year; P < .05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (-1.4% per year; P < .05) and females (-1.1% per year; P < .05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations.

https://researchpubs.cancercouncil.com.au/cancercounciljspui/bitstream/1/1728/1/caac21338.pdf

Cancer statistics in China, 2015

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61728-0.pdf

Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010.

Hypoxia-inducible 5-eicosatetraenoates are potential markers for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea

Purpose : This study was carried out to predict the mortality rate for gastric cancer up to 2020 in Korea with forecasting model, Methods : The trends of the age-adjusted mortality rate was calculated from 1983 to 2003 using the mortality data of the past 20 years in Korea, and projected up to the year of 2020 with log-linear models for each gender. The number of deaths from gastric cancer was calculated from the predicted mortality rate. Results : Age-adjusted mortality rates for gastric cancer per 100,000 persons were 32.13 in 1983, 23.95 in 1990, and 15.99 in 2003 for women, and 70.37, 58.74, 41.04 for men, respectively. The expected age-adjusted mortality rates for gastric cancer were 16.50 in 2005, 14.27 in 2010, and 10.66 in 2020 for women, and 39.14, 33.83, 25.28 for men, respectively. In contrast to this decreasing trend, it is predicted that mortality rates for those aged 75 or over would increase steadily. The predicted number of deaths from gastric cancer was 6,519 for women and 13,743 for men in 2020. Conclusions : This study suggests that gastric cancer mortality rate would decrease continuously except for some aged groups. The declining trends in gastric cancer mortality are regarded as a result of lifestyle changes, improvements in screening methods and treatments. Strategies for aged groups should be developed in order to control increasing mortality rates.

Long-term prediction of gastric cancer mortality in Korea.

To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and to determine associated risk factors, a population-based seroepidemiologic study was carried out In 1993, a health examination survey of the population was carried out in rural area known to have a high incidence of liver cancer The study population were those who volunteered to participate in a health survey over 10 years of age Examinees were interviewed by specially trained staffs Sera from 1,033 study subjects were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by everse passive hemagglutinin (RPHA) estimation and for hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) by 2nd generation passive hemagglutinin (PHA) estimation The age and sex standardized prevalence of HBsAg was 63% which was similar to national average, but that of anti-HCV was 51% which was 4 to 5 times higher than that of blood donors or other health examinees in Korea In a multivariate analysis, transfusion history, surgical operative history, and acupuncture history were not associated with HBsAg positivity In contrast, acupuncture history (adjusted odds ratio[OR]=22 : 95% Confidence interval[CI] 10-47) and surgical operative history(adjusted OR=20 : 95% CI 10-41) were associated with anti-HCV positivity The present study suggest that there is an highly endemic area of HCV infection in Korea and probably this endemicity is associated with a parenteral source of HCV infection other than blood transfusion

Seroepidemiologic Study of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection among Koreans in Rural Area, Korea

3706 The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) categorized cadmium as known human carcinogens, ie, category I compound Cadmium has been hypothesized as cause for pancreatic cancer In Louisiana, the high rates of pancreatic cancer match the high levels of cadmium exposure Rice grown in cadmium-contaminated areas in Louisiana has up to three times the level of cadmium compared to imported rice A previous case-control study in Louisiana showed a significantly increased risk for pancreatic cancer associated with rice consumption with a dose-response relationship A pilot case-control study is being conducted in the Acadiana region of south Louisiana to examine the relationship between environmental factors and pancreatic cancer Fifty-four pancreatic cancer cases and 108 sex, race, and age-group matched population controls were recruited in the study A urine sample was collected from each of the participants along with structured interview regarding occupation and residential history, life style and dietary factors, sociodemographic factors, and DNA No proxy interviews were accepted in this study Urine samples were analyzed for cadmium level as a biomarker of longterm cadmium exposure This study found that average urinary cadmium level is significantly higher among pancreatic cancer cases compared to healthy controls (195 mug/L vs 096 mug/L, respectively) A significant association was observed between pancreatic cancer and urinary cadmium level adjusted for urinary creatinine concentration (odds ratio = 159, 95% confidence interval = 121, 209) Cadmium from industrial emissions and fertilizers can be absorbed by plants and vegetables and so be concentrated in the soil Cadmium has an extremely long biological half-life, ranging from 10 to 30 years in the human body with an average of 15 years After inhalation and ingestion, cadmium induces metallothionein gene expression in liver and is then released into the circulation bound to metallothionein The cadmium- metallothionein complex is filtered through the kidneys and reabsorbed by the kidneys or excreted in the urine The body has no mechanism for excreting excessive amounts of cadmium so cadmium accumulates in tissues The findings of this study suggest that higher excretory cadmium level is significantly associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer Close to 60% of increased risk of pancreatic cancer diagnosis is associated with each unit of urinary cadmium level Sources of cadmium exposure will be further examined

Serum glucose level and subsequent liver cancer risk in a korean prospective cohort (KMCC)

Productivity analysis of physician is one of essential factors for the optimal health manpower planning. Among 690 physicians operating clinic and registered on the Kyeongsangnamdo Medical Association, 623 physicians were studied with a structural questionaire from April 1 to May 31, 1990. This study covers the general characteristics and productivity of physicians and attempts to find relevant determinants of their productivity through stepwise multiple regression analysis based on collected data. The mar results were as follows. First, physicians were more prevalent group (30.2%) in age, male (95.8%) in sex, specialist (76.5%) in specialization,'city (78.0%) in geographical location. Age group of 35-54 and specialist were mere prevalent in cities than in counties, while age group of 25-44 and 55 over and general practitioner in counties (p had the most outpatient load (90.3 persons) among all age group, years group (94.2 persons) in years of duration of practice, 11 hours per day group (83.4 persons) in working hours per day. Specialists had more outpatient load (82.6 persons) than general practitioners (61.1 persons) and physicians in cities had more (80.2 persons) than physicians in counties (66.3 persons). Daily average outpatient load of physicians were significantly different by their age, speciality, number of assistants and years of practice (p0.1). Third, the productivity of physicians operating clinic were significantly affected by the three factors-number of assistants of physician, age of physician and duration of practice at the current clinic. Age of physician had negative regression coefficient.

Hai-Rim Shin

Papers

Hypoxia-inducible 5-eicosatetraenoates are potential markers for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea

Long-term prediction of gastric cancer mortality in Korea.

Seroepidemiologic Study of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection among Koreans in Rural Area, Korea

Serum glucose level and subsequent liver cancer risk in a korean prospective cohort (KMCC)

A study on the productivity of physicians operating clinic in Kyeongsangnamdo