3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors

Metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization.

Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: A review

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

Synthesis of monodispersed high molecular weight polymers and isolation of an organolanthanide(III) intermediate coordinated by a penultimate poly(MMA) unit

The steam invigoration of pitches (softening points 85 and 280 °C) homogenized with 1−3 wt % of organo rare-earth metal complexes such as Ln(C5H5)3 or Ln(acac) (Ln = Y, Yb) at 930 °C provided activated carbons with an extremely high mesopore ratio, >70%. The resulted activated carbon selectively adsorbs giant molecules such as vitamin B12, blue acid 90 dye, dextran, nystatin, and humic acid, reflecting their large mesopore volumes. To understand what kind of carbon skeleton in pitch is suited for generation of high mesopore ratio, the steam invigoration of a series of condensed polynuclear aromatics (COPNA) resins prepared from naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, or perylene and p-xylene-α,α‘-diol were conducted in the presence of rare-earth metal complexes. As a result, COPNA resins containing phenanthrene, perylene, and pyrene generated large mesopore volume.

Synthesis of Extremely Large Mesoporous Activated Carbon and Its Unique Adsorption for Giant Molecules

Polymerizations of methyl methacrylates by bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)samarium hydride, [Sm(C 5 Me 5 ) 2 H] 2 , in toluene were found to afford the polymers of M n > 100×10 3 with extremely low polydispersity, M w /M n = 1.02. The polymerization is estimated to proceed in a living fashion. Highly syndiotactic polymerization (95.3%) proceeded by lowering the reaction temperature to -95°C.

Synthesis of high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) with extremely low polydispersity by the unique function of organolanthanide(III) complexes

Organolanthanide complexes such as SmMe(C5Me5)2(THF) and [SmH(C5M5)2]2 initiate the living polymerizations of e-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone to give high molecular weight polyesters (Mn > 70 000) with extremely narrow molecular weight distributions, Mw/Mn < 1.08, while these initiators are completely inert for the polymerization of β-propiolactone. In contrast to lanthanide alkyl complexes, lanthanide alkoxides such as SmOEt(C5Me5)2(OEt2), [YOMe(C5H5)2]2, and YOMe(C5Me5)2(THF) exhibit fairly good catalytic activity for polymerizations of β-propiolactone, δ-valerolactone, and e-caprolactone. The initiation mechanisms for the polymerization of lactones by LnMe(C5Me5)2(THF) (Ln = Sm, Yb) or LnOR(C5R‘5)2 (Ln = Sm, Y) initiators are discussed on the basis of equimolar reactions between organolanthanides and lactones.

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Hajime Yasuda

Papers

Synthesis of monodispersed high molecular weight polymers and isolation of an organolanthanide(III) intermediate coordinated by a penultimate poly(MMA) unit

Synthesis of Extremely Large Mesoporous Activated Carbon and Its Unique Adsorption for Giant Molecules

Synthesis of high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) with extremely low polydispersity by the unique function of organolanthanide(III) complexes

Organolanthanide-Initiated Living Polymerizations of ε-Caprolactone, δ-Valerolactone, and β-Propiolactone

New approach to block copolymerizations of ethylene with alkyl methacrylates and lactones by unique catalysis with organolanthanide complexes