There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

In the paper, an analysis of the state-of-the-art of active elements for analog signal processing is presented which support - in contrast to the conven tional operational amplifiers - not only the voltage-mode but also the current- and mixed-mode operations. Several pro blems are addressed which are associated with the utiliza tion of these elements in linear applications, particularly in frequency filters. A methodology is proposed which generates a number of fundamentally new active elem ents with their potential utilization in various areas o f signal processing.

Active Elements for Analog Signal Processing: Classification, Review, and New Proposals

Preparing the books to read every day is enjoyable for many people. However, there are still many people who also don't like reading. This is a problem. But, when you can support others to start reading, it will be better. One of the books that can be recommended for new readers is computer aided analysis of electronic circuits algorithms and computational techniques. This book is not kind of difficult book to read. It can be read and understand by the new readers.

Computer-aided analysis of electronic circuits: Algorithms and computational techniques

In this paper, a current-mode (CM) Kerwin–Huelsman–Newcomb (KHN) biquad is proposed. The circuit employs three differential-voltage current conveyors (DVCCs) as active elements together with two capacitors and four resistors as passive elements, which all are grounded. The circuit simultaneously provides the three basic filter functions, namely bandpass (BP), highpass (HP) and lowpass (LP) functions. The notch and allpass (AP) functions can be obtained by connecting appropriate output currents directly without using additional active elements. The output signals are obtained at high output impedance ports, which is important for easy cascading in CM operation. SPICE simulation results are given to verify the theoretical analyses.

A 22.5 MHz current-mode KHN-biquad using differential voltage current conveyor and grounded passive elements

In this paper, a new CMOS high-performance electronically tunable second-generation current conveyor (ECCII) is presented. The current gain of the proposed ECCII can be controlled electronically by adjusting the ratio of dc bias currents of the ECCII. The output terminal of the proposed ECCII has high impedance, which enables easy cascadability. Also, as an application, the proposed ECCII is used for realizing a universal current-mode filter. The filter realizes low-pass, bandpass, and high-pass responses simultaneously. The low-pass response is obtained at high impedance output and its gain can be independently tuned by changing the current gain of the relevant CC. SPICE simulation results using TSMC 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process model shows excellent performance for the proposed ECCII. The proposed circuit consumes average power of 6.6 mW using /spl plusmn/1.5-V supply voltages.

A new CMOS electronically tunable current conveyor and its application to current-mode filters

The voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA) is a recently introduced active element for analog signal processing. However, the realization of VDTA is not given by any author yet. In this work, a new and simple CMOS realization of VDTA is presented. The proposed block has two voltage inputs and two kinds of current output, so it is functional for voltageand transconductance-mode operation. Furthermore, VDTA exhibits two different values of transconductance so that there is no need to external resistors for VDTA based applications which seems to be a good advantage for analog circuit designer. A CMOS implementation of VDTA and a voltagemode VDTA based filter are proposed and simulated. An application example of fourth order flat-band band-pass amplifier is given and the performance of the circuit is demonstrated by comparing the theory and simulation.

New Simple CMOS Realization of Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifier and Its RF Filter Application

Current conveyors are unity gain active elements exhibiting high linearity, wide dynamic range and better high frequency performance compared with their voltage mode counterparts. In this study a set of single positive-type second generation current conveyor based all-pass filters is presented and a catalogue of canonical topologies is given with some properties in tabular form. In contrast with single topology presentations, 22 different topologies are presented which exhibit identical transfer functions but differ in the number of passive components, component matching constraints, possibility of gain adjustment and other properties.

All-pass filters using a single current conveyor

Actively simulated grounded inductors have been used in several applications ranging from filter to oscillator design as well as cancellation of parasitic inductances. In this paper, new grounded inductance simulators employing only one voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC) and two passive components are proposed. Two new topologies for realizing positive and negative lossless inductances and four different topologies for realizing lossy inductances are proposed. The aim of this paper is to present new inductance simulators using the minimum number of active and passive components. The proposed inductance simulators can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the VDCC. Moreover, the circuits do not require any conditions of component matching. Finally, using one of the proposed inductance simulators a third-order high-pass filter is constructed. The performance of the proposed filter is verified and simulated by using SPICE.

Hakan Kuntman

Papers

A 22.5 MHz current-mode KHN-biquad using differential voltage current conveyor and grounded passive elements

A new CMOS electronically tunable current conveyor and its application to current-mode filters

New Simple CMOS Realization of Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifier and Its RF Filter Application

All-pass filters using a single current conveyor

Positive/negative lossy/lossless grounded inductance simulators employing single VDCC and only two passive elements