Radio access technologies for cellular mobile communications are typically characterized by multiple access schemes, e.g., frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and OFDMA. In the 4th generation (4G) mobile communication systems such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) (Au et al., Uplink contention based SCMA for 5G radio access. Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2014. doi:10.1109/GLOCOMW.2014.7063547) and LTE-Advanced (Baracca et al., IEEE Trans. Commun., 2011. doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2011.121410.090252; Barry et al., Digital Communication, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2004), standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), orthogonal multiple access based on OFDMA or single carrier (SC)-FDMA is adopted. Orthogonal multiple access was a reasonable choice for achieving good system-level throughput performance with simple single-user detection. However, considering the trend in 5G, achieving significant gains in capacity and system throughput performance is a high priority requirement in view of the recent exponential increase in the volume of mobile traffic. In addition the proposed system should be able to support enhanced delay-sensitive high-volume services such as video streaming and cloud computing. Another high-level target of 5G is reduced cost, higher energy efficiency and robustness against emergencies.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for cellular future radio access

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Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing Algorithms

Introduction to Synthetic Array and Imaging Radars

Bangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. In particular, its riverine-island (char) dwellers face continuous riverbank erosion, frequent flooding, and other adverse effects of climate change that increase their vulnerability. This paper aims to assess the livelihood vulnerability of riverine communities by applying the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) vulnerability framework and the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI). Results indicate substantial variation in the vulnerability of char dwellers based on mainland proximity. The main drivers of livelihood vulnerability are char-dweller adaptation strategies and access to food and health services. The study further reveals that riverbank erosion, frequent flood inundation, and lack of employment and access to basic public services are the major social and natural drivers of livelihood vulnerability. Char-based policy focusing on short- and long-term strategy is required to reduce livelihood vulnerability and enhance char-dweller resilience.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/6/1623/pdf

Livelihood Vulnerability of Riverine-Island Dwellers in the Face of Natural Disasters in Bangladesh

Urban flooding has become a regular phenomenon in many towns and cities in the Asia Pacific region over the past years Professionals associated with disaster management and climate change are at the forefront of addressing urban flooding To reduce flood risks, vulnerability and its components must be understood Vulnerability assessment methods are diverse and complex, with a varied nature of understanding the key terms used in various contexts, and this diversity ultimately reflects on the interpretation of results in research settings Diverse interpretations and definitions exist in the disaster risk and climate change literature, complicating the process of astute and comprehensive vulnerability assessment The main purpose of this study was to quantify vulnerability indicators and develop a multidimensional model for vulnerability assessment Vulnerability is explored through the lens of five dimensions: social, economic, physical/infrastructural, institutional, and attitudinal This methodology is applied to urban flooding in Pakistan, to verify the proposed model Three study sites in urban areas with different population sizes, situated in high-risk flood zones in the Punjab Province of Pakistan were selected for empirical investigation A household survey was conducted, and indices were developed for each dimension based on well-defined indicators The proposed methodology for vulnerability assessment was tested and found operational This method can be replicated irrespective of spatial scales and can be modified for other disasters by streamlining hazard specific indicators

/pdf/multidimensional-model-for-vulnerability-assessment-of-urban-213ayb0nt9.pdf

Multidimensional Model for Vulnerability Assessment of Urban Flooding: An Empirical Study in Pakistan

Disasters are not discriminatory but affect every one of us irrespective of our age, gender, religion or any other determinant. However, women tend to feel the greater brunt of disaster consequences. It is a need of the day to examine why women are more vulnerable and at a great risk during disasters. In this regard, we conducted this study to assess public health risks and vulnerabilities in the context of floods through gender perspective. The study is a cross-sectional study conducted from September 2013 to January 2014. Two stage sampling techniques were adopted; first, two union councils (administrative units) in the district of Nowshehra were purposively selected as these were the most affected union councils in the floods of 2010 in Pakistan, and in the second stage, 386 households were selected randomly. The data analysis reveals that although more than 51% of the sample population was female, but females make up only 5% of household heads. Antenatal care (45%) and postnatal care (39%) coverage is very low and skilled birth attendants assisted only 26% deliveries. The higher the education status of the mother, the higher was the rate of health facility utilization. We concluded that women's health risks and vulnerabilities can be decrease largely with education in general, specifically with promotion of health education.

Gender-sensitive public health risks and vulnerabilities’ assessment with reference to floods in Pakistan

The increasing demands of high throughput and capacity in 5G are posing different challenges on the design of multiple access schemes. To meet these challenges, Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is considered as one of the potential candidates. Broadly, NOMA is classified as power-domain and code-domain NOMA. Power-domain NOMA serves multiple users with the same time, frequency and code, but using different power levels. This feature make NOMA capable of increasing spectral efficiency gain over the conventional multiple access schemes. In this paper, an in-depth analysis of downlink power domain NOMA is provided under various fading channels, modulation schemes and channel coding rates. Power domain multiplexing with superposition coding is done at the transmitter side and practical successive interference cancellation (SIC) is used at the receiver side. Performance is analyzed by simulations on the basis of Bit error rate (BER) using AWGN, Rician and Rayleigh channel models for various modulation schemes and code rates. This analysis provides a good foundation for the development of Adaptive Modulation & Coding (AMC) schemes for future NOMA-based 5G systems.

Performance analysis of downlink power domain NOMA under fading channels

The United Nations proclaimed the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Since then the scientific community has undertaken significant research linked to disaster management, primarily focusing on geophysical hazards, risks, vulnerabilities, and early warning systems. However, limited research is available regarding the health status of a population on the move due to natural and manmade disasters, and how disasters influence key public health indicators. Key health indicators include, but are not limited to, immunization coverage, malaria incidence rate, measles incidence rate, malnutrition, and births attended by trained healthcare professionals. The objective of this research is to assess the health status of a disaster-induced displaced population with respect to specific public health indicators. A retrospective analysis of purposely-selected thirty camps of a displaced population in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan is performed by means of an outpatient registry database. The study's findings reveal that the levels of risks and vulnerabilities of camps vary regarding different kinds of indicators. Therefore, there is high probability that if the same programs and interventions are undertaken for all camps, the desired goals may not be possible to achieve.

Using selected global health indicators to assess public health status of population displaced by natural and man-made disasters

RADAR technology is getting significance place in estimation and detection of short and long range targets. One of the important estimation parameter is radar delay time. In this paper, Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) for range estimation using static radar is derived. Range of radar is estimated by estimating the round trip delay time. Delay is observed from the active transmitted pulse of radar. In addition, the Cramer Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for range is also calculated. Simulation of MLE is performed. Monte Carlo simulations are also done to show that MLE achieves the CRLB at high signal to noise ratio.

Range estimation in radar using maximum likelihood estimator

In past for the management of disasters, preventive approaches were not taken into consideration and the focus was only post-disaster interventions. Recently with the advancement of science and technology it is realized that disaster are the outcomes of hazards and that, that its impacts could be mitigate to a great extent. For this purpose certain guidelines and standard operating procedures were set-in with the passage of time. In this regard, paper work started with the declaration of International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction on January 1 st 1990, by the United Nations, followed by Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World. In continuation, Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) 2005-2015 formulated, which was signed by 168 nations. Being a member country, Pakistan was also in compulsion to adopt the HFA and work on to counter effect the impacts of Disaster. Although Pakistan has taken a number of initiatives under the guidance of HFA guideline; But unfortunately Pakistan couldn’t get much benefit with guidelines of HFA, as there are so many issue lie within the Pakistan National Disaster Response Plan 2010.

Haleema Sadia

Papers

Gender-sensitive public health risks and vulnerabilities’ assessment with reference to floods in Pakistan

Performance analysis of downlink power domain NOMA under fading channels

Using selected global health indicators to assess public health status of population displaced by natural and man-made disasters

Range estimation in radar using maximum likelihood estimator

A Review of Pakistan National Disaster Response Plan 2010 a Tool of Environmental Framework on Disaster & the Shortcoming of Framework