Perception layer security in Internet of Things

A rise in the population has immensely increased the pressure on the agriculture sector. With the advent of technology, this decade is witnessing a shift from conventional approaches to the most advanced ones. The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed both the quality and quantity of the agriculture sector. Hybridization of species along with the real-time monitoring of the farms paved a way for resource optimization. Scientists, research institutions, academicians, and most nations across the globe are moving towards the practice and execution of collaborative projects to explore the horizon of this field for serving mankind. The tech industry is racing to provide more optimal solutions. Inclusion of IoT, along with cloud computing, big data analytics, and wireless sensor networks can provide sufficient scope to predict, process, and analyze the situations and improve the activities in the real-time scenario. The concept of heterogeneity and interoperability of the devices by providing flexible, scalable, and durable methods, models are also opening new domains in this field. Therefore, this paper contributes towards the recent IoT technologies in the agriculture sector, along with the development of hardware and software systems. The public and private sector projects and startup’s started all over the globe to provide smart and sustainable solutions in precision agriculture are also discussed. The current scenario, applications, research potential, limitations, and future aspects are briefly discussed. Based on the concepts of IoT a precision farming framework is also proposed in this article.

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Recent Developments of the Internet of Things in Agriculture: A Survey

QCM2R: A QoS-aware cross-layered multichannel multisink routing protocol for stream based wireless sensor networks

Optimized mobility management for RPL/6LoWPAN based IoT network architecture using the firefly algorithm

The IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is the standard routing protocol for IPv6 based low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPANs). In RPL protocol, DODAG information object (DIO) messages are used to disseminate routing information to other nodes in the network. A malicious node may eavesdrop DIO messages of its neighbor nodes and later replay the captured DIO many times with fixed intervals. In this paper, we present and investigate one of the severe attacks named as a non-spoofed copycat attack, a type of replay based DoS attack against RPL protocol. It is shown that the non-spoofed copycat attack increases the average end-to-end delay (AE2ED) and packet delivery ratio of the network. Thus, to address this problem, an intrusion detection system (IDS) named CoSec-RPL is proposed in this paper. The attack detection logic of CoSec-RPL is primarily based on the idea of outlier detection (OD). CoSec-RPL significantly mitigates the effects of the non-spoofed copycat attack on the network’s performance. The effectiveness of the proposed IDS is compared with the standard RPL protocol. The experimental results indicate that CoSec-RPL detects and mitigates non-spoofed copycat attack efficiently in both static and mobile network scenarios without adding any significant overhead to the nodes. To the best of our knowledge, CoSec-RPL is the first RPL specific IDS that utilizes OD for intrusion detection in 6LoWPANs.

CoSec-RPL: detection of copycat attacks in RPL based 6LoWPANs using outlier analysis

In the wireless sensor networks domain, one of the most used standards is IEEE 802.15.4. This standard has been made available on many low power operating systems such as TinyOS and Contiki OS. It is crucial for the implementation to be compliant with the specifications of the standard. In the case of Contiki OS, the provided version of the main medium access algorithm, unslotted Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), presents many flaws. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of the provided CSMA/CA algorithm and we point out to the parts that do not respect the standard specifications. We also propose and implement a compliant version of this algorithm and show through simulation the correctness of the implementation.

Implementation and performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 unslotted CSMA/CA protocol on Contiki OS

The ease of deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) makes them very popular and useful for data collection applications. Nodes often use multihop communication to transmit data to a collector node. The next hop selection in order to reach the final destination is done following a routing policy based on a routing metric. The routing metric value is exchanged via control messages. Control messages transmission frequency can reduce the network bandwidth and affect data transmission. Some approaches like trickle algorithm have been proposed to optimize the network control messages transmission. In this paper, we propose a collaborative load balancing algorithm (CoLBA) with a prediction approach to reduce network overhead. CoLBA is a queuing delay based routing protocol that avoids packet queue overflow and uses a prediction approach to optimize control messages transmission. Simulation results on Cooja simulator show that CoLBA outperforms other existing protocols in terms of delivery ratio and queue overflow while maintaining a similar end-to-end delay.

Load balancing routing with queue overflow prediction for WSNs

Most wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are usedfor data collection applications. WSNs are known for theirease of deployment which make them very popular. In mostdata collection applications traffic is destined towards one node, usually known as the sink. With high data rate, this many-to-one traffic scenario causes queue overflow in the nodes locatednear the sink. Sensor nodes are known for their limited storagecapacities which makes the packet queue overflow even morecritical. This issue is often avoided by the routing protocol. Several efforts have recently led to the proposal of several trafficload balancing routing protocols to avoid queue overflow inWSNs. These protocols use various metrics in order to guidethe routing mechanism such as the next hop neighbor queueoccupancy rate or the next hop current number of children. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol based on aCollaborative Load Balancing Algorithm (CoLBA). CoLBA usesthe time spent by data packets in the queues as a routing metric. In addition to this metric, each node is aware of its queueoccupancy rate. In case the receiving node queue is close tobe full, all transmitting neighbors will be alerted and asked tochoose another next hop. Simulation results on Contiki OS Coojasimulator showed that CoLBA achieves a better packet deliveryrate and much less queue overflow compared to a standardrouting protocol based on minimal hop counts.

CoLBA: A Collaborative Load Balancing Algorithm to Avoid Queue Overflow in WSNs

The ease of deployment and the auto-configuration capabilities of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) make them very attractive in different domains like environmental, home automation or heath care applications. The use of multichannel communications in WSNs helps to improve the overall performance of the network. However, in heavy traffic scenarios, routing protocols should be adapted to allow load balancing and to avoid losing data packets due to congestion and queue overflow. In this paper, we present an Acknowledgement-Based Opportunistic Routing (ABORt) protocol designed for high data rate multichannel WSNs. It is a low overhead protocol that does not rely on synchronization for control traffic exchange during the operational phase of the network. ABORt is an opportunistic protocol that relies on link layer acknowledgements to disseminate routing metrics, which helps to reduce overhead. The performance of ABORt is evaluated using the Cooja simulator and the obtained results show that ABORt has a high packet delivery ratio with reduced packet end-to-end delay compared to two single channel routing protocols and two multichannel routing protocols that use number of hops and expected transmission count as routing metrics.

https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/6/4/23/pdf

ABORt: Acknowledgement-Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol for High Data Rate Multichannel WSNs

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology is attracting more attention with the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT). Wireless sensor networks have been intensively studied for optimizing their life time by enhancing their low power operations. Few studies have been developed in order to deal with mobility. In some cases, nodes move around a specific area and the network topology should adapt fast. Routing protocols should react to topology changes and build new routes. Traditionally, control traffic is used to update routing metrics. Each node will then choose a next-hop among its neighbor nodes based on this routing metric. In this paper, we propose an enhancement based on signal strength monitoring and depth updating in order to improve the routing protocol performance in mobility scenarios where all nodes are moving. This enhancement can be integrated into most data collection routing protocols. It helps them to better cope with mobility and to make faster decisions on updating their next-hop neighbors. We also implemented this enhancement in the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). We show that through simulations using our technique allows better performance for different routing metrics.

Hamadoun Tall

Papers

Implementation and performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 unslotted CSMA/CA protocol on Contiki OS

Load balancing routing with queue overflow prediction for WSNs

CoLBA: A Collaborative Load Balancing Algorithm to Avoid Queue Overflow in WSNs

ABORt: Acknowledgement-Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol for High Data Rate Multichannel WSNs

Routing Protocol Enhancement for Mobility Support in Wireless Sensor Networks