The theory and practice of a novel approach for sample enrichment, namely the application of stir bars coated with the sorbent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and referred to as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) are presented. Stir bars with a length of 10 and 40 mm coated with 55 and 219 μL of PDMS liquid phase, respectively were applied. The 10-mm stir bars are best suited for stirring sample volumes from 10 up to 50 mL whereas 40-mm stir bars are more ideal for sample volumes up to 250 mL. Depending on sample volume and the stirring speed, typical stirring times for equilibration are between 30 and 60 min. The performance of SBSE is illustrated with the analysis of volatile and semivolatile micropollutants from aqueous samples. Detection limits using mass selective detection are in the low ng/L range for a wide selection of analytes from the EPA priority pollutant lists including analytes ranging in volatility from 1,1,1-trichloroethane to chrysene. For the extraction of selected compounds from 200-mL samples, detection limits below 0.1 ng/L are reached in the selected ion monitoring mode. A comparison between SBSE and solid-phase microextraction is made. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 11: 737–747, 1999

Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), a novel extraction technique for aqueous samples: Theory and principles†

Sorbent-based sampling methods for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air Part 1: Sorbent-based air monitoring options.

Application of stir bar sorptive extraction in combination with column liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in ambient air and natural waters: a review on recent developments of analytical methodology, performance and interpretation of field measurements

A new approach for sorptive enrichment of analytes from the headspace of aqueous or solid samples, referred to as headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) is described. The technique implies the sorption of volatile and semivolatile compounds into a large amount of polydimethylsiloxane (ca. 50 mg) placed on a glass rod support. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated rod is fixed in the head of a closed vial or erlenmeyer and the sample is equilibrated for 30–60 min. The PDMS coated glass bar is then thermally desorbed on-line with capillary gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Using a large amount of sorptive phase highly volatile compounds can be efficiently enriched and compared to solid phase microextraction on a 100 μm PDMS fiber where a significant increase in sensitivity is achieved. Limits of detection are in the ng L−1 (ppt) range. The potential of HSSE is illustrated with the analysis of some food samples. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 12: 577–584, 2000

High capacity headspace sorptive extraction

A new method for the preconcentration of trace components from gaseous samples is described. The system is based on enrichment of the solutes on a packed bed of 100% polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) particles followed by thermal desorption and GC analysis. It was demonstrated that breakthrough volumes for packed PDMS traps can be calculated from theoretical equations. The PDMS material exhibits excellent thermal stability even after 200 consecutive runs. Additional advantages of packed sorbent beds over conventional adsorbent materials include high inertness, the absence of displacement effects and a reduced affinity for water. The practicality of the system was demonstrated by the analysis of air and natural gas using the system described here, components in the range of octane to benso[a] pyrene could be quantitatively trapped and thermally desorbed at mild temperatures. With the present set-up the detection limit is in the order of 0.1 ng/m3 (MSD detector).

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Hans‐Gred Janssen

Papers

A new method for sorptive enrichment of gaseous samples: Application in air analysis and natural gas characterization