Two-dimensional crystals have emerged as a class of materials that may impact future electronic technologies. Experimentally identifying and characterizing new functional two-dimensional materials is challenging, but also potentially rewarding. Here, we fabricate field-effect transistors based on few-layer black phosphorus crystals with thickness down to a few nanometres. Reliable transistor performance is achieved at room temperature in samples thinner than 7.5 nm, with drain current modulation on the order of 10(5) and well-developed current saturation in the I-V characteristics. The charge-carrier mobility is found to be thickness-dependent, with the highest values up to ∼ 1,000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) obtained for a thickness of ∼ 10 nm. Our results demonstrate the potential of black phosphorus thin crystals as a new two-dimensional material for applications in nanoelectronic devices.

http://absimage.aps.org/image/MAR14/MWS_MAR14-2013-005031.pdf

Black Phosphorus Field-effect Transistors

Abstract Bone defects combined with tumors, infections, or other bone diseases are challenging in clinical practice. Autologous and allogeneic grafts are two main traditional remedies, but they can cause a series of complications. To address this problem, researchers have constructed various implantable biomaterials. However, the original pathological microenvironment of bone defects, such as residual tumors, severe infection, or other bone diseases, could further affect bone regeneration. Thus, the rational design of versatile biomaterials with integrated bone therapy and regeneration functions is in great demand. Many strategies have been applied to fabricate smart stimuli-responsive materials for bone therapy and regeneration, with stimuli related to external physical triggers or endogenous disease microenvironments or involving multiple integrated strategies. Typical external physical triggers include light irradiation, electric and magnetic fields, ultrasound, and mechanical stimuli. These stimuli can transform the internal atomic packing arrangements of materials and affect cell fate, thus enhancing bone tissue therapy and regeneration. In addition to the external stimuli-responsive strategy, some specific pathological microenvironments, such as excess reactive oxygen species and mild acidity in tumors, specific pH reduction and enzymes secreted by bacteria in severe infection, and electronegative potential in bone defect sites, could be used as biochemical triggers to activate bone disease therapy and bone regeneration. Herein, we summarize and discuss the rational construction of versatile biomaterials with bone therapeutic and regenerative functions. The specific mechanisms, clinical applications, and existing limitations of the newly designed biomaterials are also clarified. 

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Recent advances in smart stimuli-responsive biomaterials for bone therapeutics and regeneration

Robust Nanovaccine Based on Polydopamine‐Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Effective Photothermal‐Immunotherapy Against Melanoma

Engineered gold/black phosphorus nanoplatforms with remodeling tumor microenvironment for sonoactivated catalytic tumor theranostics

Renal-Clearable Ultrasmall Polypyrrole Nanoparticles with Size-Regulated Property for Second Near-Infrared Light-Mediated Photothermal Therapy

The remarkable advances in nanobiotechnology have led to the rapid development of various innovative therapeutics against oncology. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with unique nanosheet structure and prominent physiochemical properties hold huge potential for photothermal tumor treatment. Among them, metal-free 2D nanomaterials such as 2D carbon materials, 2D boron-based nanomaterials, black phosphorous and 2D organic polypyrrole nanosheets, have attracted broad attention of the scientific community in recent years due to their excellent biocompatibility and biosafety. In this review, the mechanism of photothermal therapy (PTT), the latest progresses in the development of metal-free 2D nanomaterials for cancer PTT are summarized. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives of them for future clinical translation are also discussed.

Hao Huisong

Papers

Engineered gold/black phosphorus nanoplatforms with remodeling tumor microenvironment for sonoactivated catalytic tumor theranostics

Metal-free two-dimensional nanomaterial-mediated photothermal tumor therapy