There have been a number of review papers on layered silicate and carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites, in which the fillers have high aspect ratios. Particulate–polymer nanocomposites containing fillers with small aspect ratios are also an important class of polymer composites. However, they have been apparently overlooked. Thus, in this paper, detailed discussions on the effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on the stiffness, strength and toughness of such particulate–polymer composites are reviewed. To develop high performance particulate composites, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of the stiffening, strengthening and toughening mechanisms of these composites. A critical evaluation of published experimental results in comparison with theoretical models is given.

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Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites

Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons

Thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes and their polymer nanocomposites: A review

Dynamic covalent chemistry relates to chemical reactions carried out reversibly under conditions of equilibrium control. The reversible nature of the reactions introduces the prospects of "error checking" and "proof-reading" into synthetic processes where dynamic covalent chemistry operates. Since the formation of products occurs under thermodynamic control, product distributions depend only on the relative stabilities of the final products. In kinetically controlled reactions, however, it is the free energy differences between the transition states leading to the products that determines their relative proportions. Supramolecular chemistry has had a huge impact on synthesis at two levels: one is noncovalent synthesis, or strict self-assembly, and the other is supramolecular assistance to molecular synthesis, also referred to as self-assembly followed by covalent modification. Noncovalent synthesis has given us access to finite supermolecules and infinite supramolecular arrays. Supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis has been exploited in the construction of more-complex systems, such as interlocked molecular compounds (for example, catenanes and rotaxanes) as well as container molecules (molecular capsules). The appealing prospect of also synthesizing these types of compounds with complex molecular architectures using reversible covalent bond forming chemistry has led to the development of dynamic covalent chemistry. Historically, dynamic covalent chemistry has played a central role in the development of conformational analysis by opening up the possibility to be able to equilibrate configurational isomers, sometimes with base (for example, esters) and sometimes with acid (for example, acetals). These stereochemical "balancing acts" revealed another major advantage that dynamic covalent chemistry offers the chemist, which is not so easily accessible in the kinetically controlled regime: the ability to re-adjust the product distribution of a reaction, even once the initial products have been formed, by changing the reaction's environment (for example, concentration, temperature, presence or absence of a template). This highly transparent, yet tremendously subtle, characteristic of dynamic covalent chemistry has led to key discoveries in polymer chemistry. In this review, some recent examples where dynamic covalent chemistry has been demonstrated are shown to emphasise the basic concepts of this area of science.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1521-3773%2820020503%2941%3A9%3C1460%3A%3AAID-ANIE11111460%3E3.0.CO%3B2-N

Dynamic covalent chemistry.

1: Magnetic Particles: Preparation, Properties and Applications: M. Ozaki. 2: Maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3): A Versatile Magnetic Colloidal Material C.J. Serna, M.P. Morales. 3: Dynamics of Adsorption and Oxidation of Organic Molecules on Illuminated Titanium Dioxide Particles Immersed in Water M.A. Blesa, R.J. Candal, S.A. Bilmes. 4: Colloidal Aggregation in Two-Dimensions A. Moncho-Jorda, F. Martinez-Lopez, M.A. Cabrerizo-Vilchez, R. Hidalgo Alvarez, M. Quesada-PMerez. 5: Kinetics of Particle and Protein Adsorption Z. Adamczyk.

Surface and Colloid Science

Natural-sourced benzoxazine resins, homopolymers, blends and composites: A review of their synthesis, manufacturing and applications

Two polybenzoxazines are cured in an autoclave from the polyfunctional benzoxazine monomers, 8,8′-bis(3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazine) and 6,6′-bis(2,3-dihydro-3-phenyl-4H-1,3-benzoxazinyl) ketone. The density and tensile properties of these polybenzoxazines are measured at room temperature. Dynamic mechanical tests are performed to determine the Tg, crosslink density, and the activation enthalpy of the glass-transition process for these two polybenzoxazines. The effect of postcure temperature on the Tg of the polymers is investigated and discussed in terms of crosslink density. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is also applied for the molecular characterization of the curing systems. Thermal properties of these polybenzoxazines are studied in terms of isothermal aging and decomposition temperature via thermogravimetric analysis. These two polybenzoxazines show mechanical and thermal properties similar to or better than bismaleimides and some polyimides. They also show very high char yield after being carbonized in a nitrogen atmosphere. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 3257–3268, 1999

Dynamic mechanical and thermal characterization of high‐performance polybenzoxazines

Use of renewable resource vanillin for the preparation of benzoxazine resin and reactive monomeric surfactant containing oxazine ring

The present study reports for the first time the use of biobased chitosan-polybenzoxazine (CTS-PBZ) as a precursor for high CO2 adsorbing carbon aerogels (CAs). Montmorillonite (MMT) is used to reinforce the CTS-PBZ aerogel. MMT-CTS-PBZ nanocomposite aerogels are synthesized using the freeze-drying technique and then cross-linked via ring-opening polymerization of benzoxazine followed by carbonization at 800 °C. Polybenzoxazine improves the structural stability for removing CO2 from the environment even at a high pressure. The properties of polymeric and nanocomposite aerogels have been evaluated using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The microstructure of the CAs is characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The CAs exhibit mesoporous materials with pore sizes in the range of 2–7 nm and high BET surface area. The total pore volume of CAs is as large as 0.296 cm3 g–1, and the maximum BET surface area is 710 m2 g–1. Breakthrough curves of CO2 ads...

Carbon Aerogels with Excellent CO2 Adsorption Capacity Synthesized from Clay-Reinforced Biobased Chitosan-Polybenzoxazine Nanocomposites

The benzoxazine monomer synthesis via 1,3,5-trialkyl(aryl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine intermediate is followed by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and SEC. A model compound, 1,3,5-triphenylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, is synthesized independently and its reaction with bisphenol-A and paraformaldehyde in stoichiometric amounts is also followed by 1H NMR. Additional model compounds, 1,3,5-trimethyl(ethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, are used instead of a primary amine to synthesize bifunctional benzoxazine monomers, bis(3,4-dihydro-2H-3-methyl(ethyl)-1,3-benzoxazinyl)isopropane, via novel solventless reaction with bisphenol-A in the presence of paraformaldehyde. The mechanism of this reaction is proposed.

Hatsuo Ishida

Papers

Natural-sourced benzoxazine resins, homopolymers, blends and composites: A review of their synthesis, manufacturing and applications

Dynamic mechanical and thermal characterization of high‐performance polybenzoxazines

Use of renewable resource vanillin for the preparation of benzoxazine resin and reactive monomeric surfactant containing oxazine ring

Carbon Aerogels with Excellent CO2 Adsorption Capacity Synthesized from Clay-Reinforced Biobased Chitosan-Polybenzoxazine Nanocomposites

1,3,5-Triphenylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine – active intermediate and precursor in the novel synthesis of benzoxazine monomers and oligomers