Helmut Wilhelm

TL;DR: Automated infrared photoretinoscopy proved to be very convenient and easy to handle in both children and adults and there was a striking inter‐individual variability in the maximum possible speed of accommodation and near to far accommodation.

TL;DR: The definition of numerical parameters is an important precondition characterising spontaneous pupil behaviour adequately for further statistical procedures, and mathematical procedures provide a high level of quality in both data collection and evaluation of IVP as an objective test of vigilance.

TL;DR: The PowerRefractor was shown to have comparable or slightly better reliability and accuracy than a modern autorefractor; however, it has major advantages over current autore fractors in that it is faster, measures both eyes at once, and gives interpupillary distance, pupil size, and information on the alignment of the eyes at the same time.

TL;DR: The results demonstrate a strong relationship between ongoing sleep deprivation and typical changes in the frequency profiles of spontaneous pupillary oscillations and the tendency to instability in pupil size in normals and suggest that the results of pupil data analysis permit an objective measurement of sleepiness.

TL;DR: Daytime variations in the pupillary unrest index in healthy normal subjects were found to be positively correlated with the level of alertness, similar to the daytime variations found by the MSLT (multiple sleep latency test) in young adults.