抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

I read this book the same weekend that the Packers took on the Rams, and the experience of the latter event, obviously, colored my judgment. Although I abhor anything that smacks of being a handbook (like, \"How to Earn a Merit Badge in Neurosurgery\") because too many volumes in biomedical science already evince a boyscout-like approach, I must confess that parts of this volume are fast, scholarly, and significant, with certain reservations. I like parts of this well-illustrated book because Dr. Sj6strand, without so stating, develops certain subjects on technique in relation to the acquisition of judgment and sophistication. And this is important! So, given that the author (like all of us) is somewhat deficient in some areas, and biased in others, the book is still valuable if the uninitiated reader swallows it in a general fashion, realizing full well that what will be required from the reader is a modulation to fit his vision, propreception, adaptation and response, and the kind of problem he is undertaking. A major deficiency of this book is revealed by comparison of its use of physics and of chemistry to provide understanding and background for the application of high resolution electron microscopy to problems in biology. Since the volume is keyed to high resolution electron microscopy, which is a sophisticated form of structural analysis, but really morphology in a modern guise, the physical and mechanical background of The instrument and its ancillary tools are simply and well presented. The potential use of chemical or cytochemical information as it relates to biological fine structure , however, is quite deficient. I wonder when even sophisticated morphol-ogists will consider fixation a reaction and not a technique; only then will the fundamentals become self-evident and predictable and this sine qua flon will become less mystical. Staining reactions (the most inadequate chapter) ought to be something more than a technique to selectively enhance contrast of morphological elements; it ought to give the structural addresses of some of the chemical residents of cell components. Is it pertinent that auto-radiography gets singled out for more complete coverage than other significant aspects of cytochemistry by a high resolution microscopist, when it has a built-in minimal error of 1,000 A in standard practice? I don't mean to blind-side (in strict football terminology) Dr. Sj6strand's efforts for what is \"routinely used in our laboratory\"; what is done is usually well done. It's just that …

Methods in Enzymology.

Molecular self-assembly is the spontaneous association of molecules under equilibrium conditions into stable, structurally well-defined aggregates joined by noncovalent bonds. Molecular self-assembly is ubiquitous in biological systems and underlies the formation of a wide variety of complex biological structures. Understanding self-assembly and the associated noncovalent interactions that connect complementary interacting molecular surfaces in biological aggregates is a central concern in structural biochemistry. Self-assembly is also emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis, with the potential of generating nonbiological structures with dimensions of 1 to 10(2) nanometers (with molecular weights of 10(4) to 10(10) daltons). Structures in the upper part of this range of sizes are presently inaccessible through chemical synthesis, and the ability to prepare them would open a route to structures comparable in size (and perhaps complementary in function) to those that can be prepared by microlithography and other techniques of microfabrication.

Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: A chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures

The tetrahedral character of the boron atom newly defined—a useful tool to evaluate the N→B bond

2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid has been reacted with three different diorganotin(IV) oxides (R = Me, nBu, Ph) to study the molecular and supramolecular structures of the resulting diorganotin(IV) 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylates. It has been found that coordinating solvent molecules can change the supramolecular structure completely. The molecular structures found are either polymeric (zigzag) or cyclotrimeric; the supramolecular arrangements include (i) systems having only loosely bound discrete molecules (van der Waals contacts), (ii) systems having a 2D or 3D hydrogen-bonded structure, and (iii) systems having a 3D polymeric coordination structure. Channels or cavities are formed in several cases. For a particular case, evidence has been provided that molecular aggregation to capsules through hydrogen bonding interactions is possible in solution.

Self-Assembly of Diorganotin(IV) Oxides (R = Me, nBu, Ph) and 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid to Polymeric and Trinuclear Macrocyclic Hybrids with Porous Solid-State Structures: Influence of Substituents and Solvent on the Supramolecular Structure

Modification of 2D Water That Contains Hexameric Units in Chair and Boat Conformations—A Contribution to the Structural Elucidation of Bulk Water

It is well-known that the structures of trialkyltin(IV) carboxylates can be either monomeric, polymeric, or cyclooligomeric in the solid state. In contrast, all dialkyltin(IV) dicarboxylates characterized so far in the solid state have monomeric or polymeric structures, however, for some cases it has been proposed that their solution-state structure is cyclooligomeric. In order to generate more information on this subject, dimethyl- and di-n-butyltin(IV) complexes with phthalic and isophthalic acid have been prepared and analyzed both in solution and in the solid state. The solid-state structures of the two dialkyltin(IV) phthalates examined herein contain polymeric molecular chains, however, with supramolecular Sn···O‘ interactions, which result in the generation of cyclooligomeric units. This provides evidence for the presence of discrete cyclooligomeric structures in solution, which are involved in fast dynamic exchange equilibria as evidenced by 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. In the case of the ...

Self-Assembly of Dialkyltin(IV) Moieties and Aromatic Dicarboxylates to Complexes with a Polymeric or a Discrete Trinuclear Macrocyclic Structure in the Solid State and a Mixture of Fast Interchanging Cyclooligomeric Structures in Solution

Herbert Höpfl

Papers

The tetrahedral character of the boron atom newly defined—a useful tool to evaluate the N→B bond

Self-Assembly of Diorganotin(IV) Oxides (R = Me, nBu, Ph) and 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid to Polymeric and Trinuclear Macrocyclic Hybrids with Porous Solid-State Structures: Influence of Substituents and Solvent on the Supramolecular Structure

Modification of 2D Water That Contains Hexameric Units in Chair and Boat Conformations—A Contribution to the Structural Elucidation of Bulk Water

Self-Assembly of Dialkyltin(IV) Moieties and Aromatic Dicarboxylates to Complexes with a Polymeric or a Discrete Trinuclear Macrocyclic Structure in the Solid State and a Mixture of Fast Interchanging Cyclooligomeric Structures in Solution

A 3D Hybrid Network Containing Large Spherical Cavities Formed through a Combination of Metal Coordination and Hydrogen Bonding