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Using Multivariate Statistics

The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory

The Quark and the Jaguar

/pdf/auditory-neuroscience-making-sense-of-sound-jc1v35mjav.pdf

Auditory Neuroscience: Making Sense of Sound

What are the principles underlying effective neurorehabilitation? The aim of neurorehabilitation is to exploit interventions based on human and animal studies about learning and adaptation, as well as to show that the activation of experience-dependent neuronal plasticity augments functional recovery after stroke. Instead of teaching compensatory strategies that do not reduce impairment but allow the patient to return home as soon as possible, functional recovery might be more sustainable as it ensures a long-term reduction in impairment and an improvement in quality of life. At the same time, neurorehabilitation permits the scientific community to collect valuable data, which allows inferring about the principles of brain organization. Hence neuroscience sheds light on the mechanisms of learning new functions or relearning lost ones. However, current rehabilitation methods lack the exact operationalization of evidence gained from skill learning literature, leading to an urgent need to bridge motor learning theory and present clinical work in order to identify a set of ingredients and practical applications that could guide future interventions. This work aims to unify the neuroscientific literature relevant to the recovery process and rehabilitation practice in order to provide a synthesis of the principles that constitute an effective neurorehabilitation approach. Previous attempts to achieve this goal either focused on a subset of principles or did not link clinical application to the principles of motor learning and recovery. We identified 15 principles of motor learning based on existing literature: massed practice, spaced practice, dosage, task-specific practice, goal-oriented practice, variable practice, increasing difficulty, multisensory stimulation, rhythmic cueing, explicit feedback/knowledge of results, implicit feedback/knowledge of performance, modulate effector selection, action observation/embodied practice, motor imagery, and social interaction. We comment on trials that successfully implemented these principles and report evidence from experiments with healthy individuals as well as clinical work.

/pdf/principles-of-neurorehabilitation-after-stroke-based-on-3wt40qov79.pdf

Principles of Neurorehabilitation After Stroke Based on Motor Learning and Brain Plasticity Mechanisms.

The interaction between the amount of practice and frequency of Knowledge of Results (KR) was investigated in a timing skill. In the acquisition phase the task involved 90 trials of releasing a knob and transporting three tennis balls from three near recipients to three far ones in a specific sequence and target time. The retention test performed 24 hr. later had the same sequence of transport but a new target time was required. In both phases, absolute error and standard deviation plus constant error was measured. The five groups differed in relation to frequency of KR and amount of practice. The results showed that intermediate frequencies as well as higher frequencies of KR elicited better performance during the retention test.

Effects of knowledge of results (KR) frequency in the learning of a timing skill: absolute versus relative KR frequency.

Efeitos da frequência de feedback na aprendizagem do saque do voleibol

Burnout is a psychological syndrome of reaction to chronic stress that occurs in athletes who feel exhausted by a sport activity that was previously pleasurable and enjoyable. One technique to prevent and control the syndrome is through coping, which is the ability to deal with stressful situations. In contrast to traditional cross-sectional approaches, this study aimed to investigate burnout and coping strategy characteristics over time and to analyze the relationship between burnout dimensions and coping strategies. Fifty-four high-level volleyball athletes (twenty-eight men and twenty-six women, age M = 25.57, SD = 4.72, range 18-35) completed paper-and-pencil measures of burnout and coping four times throughout a sport season. The Friedman test presented a significant increase in the reduced sense of athletic accomplishment (X2 = 20.58; p < 0.01) and sport devaluation (X2 = 19.83; p < 0.01) perceptions during the season. However, no coping differences were observed through the longitudinal analysis. Burnout dimensions showed a moderate inverse correlation to confidence/motivation at all measurement points during the season. Overall, the findings suggest that burnout perceptions increase as the season progresses, highlighting the relevance for the periodization of burnout prevention and control.

/pdf/burnout-and-coping-perceptions-of-volleyball-players-1torcsnvii.pdf

Burnout and Coping Perceptions of Volleyball Players Throughout an Annual Sport Season

In aiming movements the limb position drifts away from the defined target after some trials without visual feedback, a phenomenon defined as proprioceptive drift (PD). There are no studies investig...

Cathodal tDCS of the Left Posterior Parietal Cortex Increases Proprioceptive Drift.

O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da estimulacao transcraniana por corrente continua (ETCC) sobre o cortex motor primario (M1) nas assimetrias de desempenho manual em uma tarefa de destreza manual. A amostra foi composta por 28 voluntarios, destros, do sexo masculino e sem comprometimento neurologico. A tarefa (Grooved Pegboard) consistiu em encaixar 25 pinos em 25 receptaculos, o mais rapido possivel. A tarefa no pre-teste que consistiu na avaliacao motora com ambas as maos para definicao das assimetrias. Uma semana apos o pre-teste foi aplicado a ETCC ou placebo, em seguida os sujeitos foram avaliados no pos-teste. Os resultados revelaram que os efeitos da ETCC no M1 nao foram capazes de diminuir as assimetrias manuais em uma tarefa de destreza manual em sujeitos destros. Entretanto, somente o grupo ETCC melhorou o desempenho do pre-teste para o pos-teste ( p <0,05).A estimulacao do M1 direito pode ter gerado beneficios no M1 contralateral.

/pdf/estimulacao-transcraniana-por-corrente-continua-etcc-e-49btih6nzi.pdf

Herbert Ugrinowitsch

Papers

Effects of knowledge of results (KR) frequency in the learning of a timing skill: absolute versus relative KR frequency.

Efeitos da frequência de feedback na aprendizagem do saque do voleibol

Burnout and Coping Perceptions of Volleyball Players Throughout an Annual Sport Season

Cathodal tDCS of the Left Posterior Parietal Cortex Increases Proprioceptive Drift.

Estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) e assimetrias manuais: o efeito da estimulação na destreza manual