From the Publisher: 
A Question of Identity 
Life on the Screen is a fascinating and wide-ranging investigation of the impact of computers and networking on society, peoples' perceptions of themselves, and the individual's relationship to machines. Sherry Turkle, a Professor of the Sociology of Science at MIT and a licensed psychologist, uses Internet MUDs (multi-user domains, or in older gaming parlance multi-user dungeons) as a launching pad for explorations of software design, user interfaces, simulation, artificial intelligence, artificial life, agents, "bots," virtual reality, and "the on-line way of life." 
Turkle's discussion of postmodernism is particularly enlightening. She shows how postmodern concepts in art, architecture, and ethics are related to concrete topics much closer to home, for example AI research (Minsky's "Society of Mind") and even MUDs (exemplified by students with X-window terminals who are doing homework in one window and simultaneously playing out several different roles in the same MUD in other windows). Those of you who have (like me) been turned off by the shallow, pretentious, meaningless paintings and sculptures that litter our museums of modern art may have a different perspective after hearing what Turkle has to say. 
This is a psychoanalytical book, not a technical one. However, software developers and engineers will find it highly accessible because of the depth of the author's technical understanding and credibility. Unlike most other authors in this genre, Turkle does not constantly jar the technically-literate reader with blatant errors or bogus assertions about how things work. Although I personally don't have time or patience for MUDs,view most of AI as snake-oil, and abhor postmodern architecture, I thought the time spent reading this book was an extremely good investment.

스크린 위의 삶 = Life on the screen : identity in the age of the internet

Evolutionary psychology is one of many biologically informed approaches to the study of human behavior. Along with cognitive psychologists, evolutionary psychologists propose that much, if not all, of our behavior can be explained by appeal to internal psychological mechanisms. What distinguishes evolutionary psychologists from many cognitive psychologists is the proposal that the relevant internal mechanisms are adaptations—products of natural selection—that helped our ancestors get around the world, survive and reproduce. To understand the central claims of evolutionary psychology we require an understanding of some key concepts in evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, philosophy of science and philosophy of mind. Philosophers are interested in evolutionary psychology for a number of reasons. For philosophers of science —mostly philosophers of biology—evolutionary psychology provides a critical target. There is a broad consensus among philosophers of science that evolutionary psychology is a deeply flawed enterprise. For philosophers of mind and cognitive science evolutionary psychology has been a source of empirical hypotheses about cognitive architecture and specific components of that architecture. Philosophers of mind are also critical of evolutionary psychology but their criticisms are not as all-encompassing as those presented by philosophers of biology. Evolutionary psychology is also invoked by philosophers interested in moral psychology both as a source of empirical hypotheses and as a critical target.

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

This paper explores the development of information systems and computer ethics along separate trajectories over the 20 years since the first Manchester Conference, and ponders how things might have been and could be different. Along each trajectory, the challenge of aligning theory and practice has stimulated much research. We evaluate some of this research with respect to this alignment, discuss ethical theories and behavior, and explore the role of education in the development of practitioners who can and do behave ethically. We recommend the inclusion of the ethics of care, and more research into the teaching and learning of ethics as part of the personal journey of students, teachers, and practitioners.

Whatever happened to information systems ethics? Caught between the devil and the deep blue sea

Anarchy, state, and utopia

To date, many important threads of information privacy research have developed, but these threads have not been woven together into a cohesive fabric. This paper provides an interdisciplinary review of privacy-related research in order to enable a more cohesive treatment. With a sample of 320 privacy articles and 128 books and book sections, we classify previous literature in two ways: (1) using an ethics-based nomenclature of normative, purely descriptive, and empirically descriptive, and (2) based on their level of analysis: individual, group, organizational, and societal.

Based upon our analyses via these two classification approaches, we identify three major areas in which previous research contributions reside: the conceptualization of information privacy, the relationship between information privacy and other constructs, and the contextual nature of these relationships.

As we consider these major areas, we draw three overarching conclusions. First, there are many theoretical developments in the body of normative and purely descriptive studies that have not been addressed in empirical research on privacy. Rigorous studies that either trace processes associated with, or test implied assertions from, these value-laden arguments could add great value. Second, some of the levels of analysis have received less attention in certain contexts than have others in the research to date. Future empirical studies-both positivist and interpretive--could profitably be targeted to these under-researched levels of analysis. Third, positivist empirical studies will add the greatest value if they focus on antecedents to privacy concerns and on actual outcomes. In that light, we recommend that researchers be alert to an overarching macro model that we term APCO (Antecedents → Privacy Concerns → Outcomes).

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Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary review

Preface Acknowledgements Foreword Chapter 1. Introduction to Cyberethics: Concepts, Perspectives, and Methodological Frameworks Chapter 2. Ethical Concepts and Ethical Theories: Establishing and Justifying a Moral System Chapter 3. Critical Thinking Skills and Logical Arguments: Tools for Evaluating Cyberethics Issues Chapter 4. Professional Ethics, Codes of Conduct, and Moral Responsibility Chapter 5. Privacy and Cyberspace Chapter 6. Security in Cyberspace Chapter 7. Cybercrime and Cyberrelated Crimes Chapter 8. Intellectual Property Disputes in Cyberspace Chapter 9. Regulating Commerce and Speeech in Cyberspace Chapter 10. Social Issues I: Equity and Access, Employment and Work Chapter 11. Social Issues II: Community and Identity in Cyberspace Appendix A. Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) Code of Ethics Appendix B. Association for Computing (ACM) Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct Appendix C. IEEE-CS/ACM Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice Glossary Index.

ETHICS AND TECHNOLOGY: Ethical Issues in an Age of Information and Communication Technology (John Wiley & Sons, 2004)

The present study is organized into two main parts. In Part I, we respond to a recent criticism that the restricted access theoryofprivacydoes not adequately explain the role that control of personal information plays in protecting one's priva~ In defending a version of the restricted access theory, we put forth a tripartite model that differentiates the concq~tofprivacyfrom both the justification and the management of privacy. This-distinction is important, we argue, because it enables us to avoid conflafing the concept of privacy which we define in terms of protection from intrusion and information gathering [Moor 1990; 1997], from the concept of control, which (a) is used to justifi/ the flaming of polities that provide privacy prrotection and (b) is essential to the management ofptivac~ Separating privacy from control is necessa~ we further argue, to preserve the identityofboth notions. After showingwhy the notion of individual control, as expressed in three different ways-choice, consent, and correction--plays an important role in the management ofpriva~ we conclude Part I with an account of why individual controls alone are not sufficient to guarantee the protection nfpersonal privacy and why certain external controls, such as those provided by privacy polities, are also needed. To illustrate some of the key points made in the first part of this essay we consider examples ofptivacy-enhancing technologies (or PETs) in Part II. We argue that even if PETs provide individuals with a means of controlling their personal information, these tools do not necessarily ensure privacy protection. Became PETs do not provide online users with a zone of privacy protection that incorporates external controls, i.e., controls beyond those at the individual level, we condude that the use of PETs can actually blur the need for privacy protection, rather than provide it.

Privacy protection, control of information, and privacy-enhancing technologies

The Fourth Edition of Ethics and Technology introduces students to issues and controversies that comprise the relatively new field of cyberethics. This textbook examines a wide range of cyberethics issues--from specific issues of moral responsibility to broader social and ethical concerns that affect each of us in our day-to-day lives. Recent developments in machine ethics should also cause students to consider questions about conventional conceptions of autonomy and trust. Such topics and many other engaging ethical controversies--both hypothetical and actual cases--are discussed in this widely used and respected text. Updates to the 4th Edition includeNew or updated scenarios in each chapter New sample arguments in many chapters, which enable students to apply the tools for argument analysis covered in Chapter 3 Newly designed set of study/exercise questions call Unalyzed Scenarios in each chapter, which can be used for either in-class group projects or outside class assignments Additional review, discussion, and essay/presentation questions at the end of many chapters New Issues Examined and Analyzed includeEthical and social aspects of Cloud Computing, including concerns about the privacy and security of users' data that is increasingly being stored in \"the Cloud\" Concerns about the increasing \"personalization\" of search results based on queries entered by users on search engines such as Google Controversies surrounding Wikileaks and the tension it creates between free speech and responsible journalism Concerns affecting \"net neutrality\" and whether Internet regulation may be required to ensure that service providers on the Internet do not also unduly control the content delivered via their services Recent controversies affecting \"machine ethics\" and the development of \"moral machines\" or autonomous systems that will be embedded with software designed for making moral decisions Questions about our conventional notions of autonomy and trust--can machines be autonomous? Can we trust machines to act in ways that will always be in the best interest of humans?

Ethics and technology : controversies, questions, and strategies for ethical computing

This book of readings is a flexible resource for undergraduate and graduate courses in the evolving fields of computer and Internet ethics. Each selection has been carefully chosen for its timeliness and analytical depth and is written by a well-known expert in the field. The readings are organized to take students from a discussion on ethical frameworks and regulatory issues to a substantial treatment of the four fundamental, interrelated issues of cyberethics: speech, property, privacy, and security. A chapter on professionalism rounds out the selection. This book makes an excellent companion to CyberEthics: Morality and Law in Cyberspace, Third Edition by providing articles that present both sides of key issues in cyberethics.

Readings in Cyberethics

Privacy concerns involving data mining are examined in terms of four questions: (1) What exactly is data mining? (2) How does data mining raise concerns for personal privacy? (3) How do privacy concerns raised by data mining differ from those concerns introduced by ’traditional‘ information-retrieval techniques in computer databases? (4) How do privacy concerns raised by mining personal data from the Internet differ from those concerns introduced by mining such data from ’data warehouses?‘ It is argued that the practice of using data-mining techniques, whether on the Internet or in data warehouses, to gain information about persons raises privacy concerns that (a) go beyond concerns introduced in traditional information-retrieval techniques in computer databases and (b) are not covered by present data-protection guidelines and privacy laws.

Herman T. Tavani

Papers

ETHICS AND TECHNOLOGY: Ethical Issues in an Age of Information and Communication Technology (John Wiley & Sons, 2004)

Privacy protection, control of information, and privacy-enhancing technologies

Ethics and technology : controversies, questions, and strategies for ethical computing

Readings in Cyberethics

Informational privacy, data mining, and theInternet