3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity

Cerium dioxide (CeO2, ceria) is becoming an ubiquitous constituent in catalytic systems for a variety of applications. 2016 sees the 40th anniversary since ceria was first employed by Ford Motor Company as an oxygen storage component in car converters, to become in the years since its inception an irreplaceable component in three-way catalysts (TWCs). Apart from this well-established use, ceria is looming as a catalyst component for a wide range of catalytic applications. For some of these, such as fuel cells, CeO2-based materials have almost reached the market stage, while for some other catalytic reactions, such as reforming processes, photocatalysis, water-gas shift reaction, thermochemical water splitting, and organic reactions, ceria is emerging as a unique material, holding great promise for future market breakthroughs. While much knowledge about the fundamental characteristics of CeO2-based materials has already been acquired, new characterization techniques and powerful theoretical methods are dee...

Fundamentals and Catalytic Applications of CeO2-Based Materials

Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions - a review.

Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: A review

In this work, the catalytic oxidation of benzene, toluene and n -hexane in air, both alone and in binary mixtures, over a commercial Pt on γ-alumina catalyst was studied. Studies have been carried out at concentrations of up to 4200 ppmV, in a laboratory fixed-bed catalytic reactor. Results for single compounds show that temperature at which 50% conversion is attained ( T 50 ) increases as concentration increases for benzene and toluene, while the opposite behaviour is observed for n -hexane. Results for mixtures show that, while the presence of n -hexane does not affect the conversion of benzene and toluene, the presence of benzene or toluene inhibits the combustion of hexane, and the aromatic compounds inhibits each other when are reacted together. Results obtained in absence of mass transfer limitations were fit to kinetic expressions: simple Mars–Van Krevelen kinetic expressions for single compounds, and a modified Mars–Van Krevelen mechanism, considering competitive adsorption of the hydrocarbons, for binary mixtures.

Kinetics of the deep oxidation of benzene, toluene, n-hexane and their binary mixtures over a platinum on γ-alumina catalyst

Removal of non-biodegradable organic matter from landfill leachates by adsorption.

Eight commercial catalysts (Nickel-Raney, Ni on SiO2, Pd on alumina, Pt on both alumina and activated carbon, Rh on alumina, Ru on alumina and sulfided Ni–Mo on alumina) were tested as catalysts for the hydrodechlorination of the six organochlorinated compounds that are released into the environment in the greatest amounts: dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. Hydrodechlorination experiments were carried out in discontinuous micro-reactors at 50 bar of hydrogen and at 300°C, and during reaction times of 30, 60 and 90 min, using 4 vol% solutions of the organochlorinated compounds in heptane. Pt catalysts were found to yield the highest conversions for the reactions studied.

Hydrodechlorination of aliphatic organochlorinated compounds over commercial hydrogenation catalysts

Heavy metal removal in packed beds using apple wastes

Sulfided red mud (a by-product in the production of alumina by the Bayer process) has been shown to be active as a catalyst in hydrodechlorination reactions. In order to evaluate the feasibility of red mud in industrial processes, which would be most interesting as the cost of this material is much lower than that of commercial catalysts, its deactivation must be characterised. In this study, the deactivation of sulfided red mud as a catalyst for the hydrodechlorination of tetrachloroethylene at 100 bar and 350°C was studied. The variation of conversion with reaction time was determined in the presence and absence of carbon sulfide in the feed, a notorious increase in the catalyst life being observed in the presence of carbon sulfide. Fresh and used catalysts were characterised by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray dispersion spectrometry. An increase in the specific surface and chlorine surface concentration of the catalyst and a decrease in sulphur surface concentration were observed, as well as crystallographic changes in iron species.

Herminio Sastre

Papers

Kinetics of the deep oxidation of benzene, toluene, n-hexane and their binary mixtures over a platinum on γ-alumina catalyst

Removal of non-biodegradable organic matter from landfill leachates by adsorption.

Hydrodechlorination of aliphatic organochlorinated compounds over commercial hydrogenation catalysts

Heavy metal removal in packed beds using apple wastes

Characterisation and deactivation studies of sulfided red mud used as catalyst for the hydrodechlorination of tetrachloroethylene