Metal–Organic Frameworks for Separations

3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

The upper bound revisited

Overview of membrane science and technology membrane transport theory membrane and modules concentration polarization reverse osmosis ultrafiltration microfiltration gas separation pervaporation ion exchange membrane processes - electrodialysis carrier facilitated transport medical applications of membranes other membranes processed.

Membrane Technology and Applications

Correlation of separation factor versus permeability for polymeric membranes

The first large-scale pervaporation plant using tubular-type module with zeolite NaA membrane

A sulfonated diamine monomer, 4,4‘-diaminodiphenyl ether-2,2‘-disulfonic acid (ODADS), was successfully synthesized by direct sulfonation of a commercially available diamine, 4,4‘-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA), using fuming sulfuric acid as the sulfonating reagent. A series of sulfonated polyimides were prepared from 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), ODADS, and common nonsulfonated diamines. The resulting sulfonated polyimides displayed much better stability toward water than those derived from the widely used sulfonated diamine 2,2‘-benzidinedisulfonic acid (BDSA). This is because ODADS-based polyimide membranes have a more flexible structure than the corresponding BDSA-based ones. Fenton's reagent test revealed that ODADS-based polyimide membranes also had fair good stability to oxidation. Polyimide membranes with good water stability as well as high proton conductivity were developed. NTDA−ODADS/BAPB(1/1) copolyimide membrane (BAPB refers to 4,4‘-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl)), for ex...

Novel Sulfonated Polyimides as Polyelectrolytes for Fuel Cell Application. 1. Synthesis, Proton Conductivity, and Water Stability of Polyimides from 4,4‘-Diaminodiphenyl Ether-2,2‘-disulfonic Acid

A new sulfonated diamine monomer, 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene-2,7-disulfonic acid (BAPFDS), was synthesized by direct sulfonation of the parent diamine, 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene (BAPF), using fuming sulfuric acid as the sulfonating reagent. A series of sulfonated polyimides with different sulfonation degrees were prepared from 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), BAPFDS, and common nonsulfonated diamines. The resulting sulfonated polyimides generally showed good solubility in m-cresol and DMSO. Proton conductivities of these polyimide membranes were measured as the functions of relative humidity and temperature. The resulting homopolyimide, NTDA-BAPFDS, displayed proton conductivities quite similar to those of Nafion 117 in the whole humidity range (RH < 100%). At 100% relative humidity, all the BAPFDS-based polyimide membranes showed proton conductivities similar to or higher than those of Nafion 117. In addition, BAPFDS-based polyimide membranes exhibited much better water sta...

Novel sulfonated polyimides as polyelectrolytes for fuel cell application. 2. Synthesis and proton conductivity of polyimides from 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene-2,7-disulfonic acid

Zeolite NaA membranes were prepared reproducibly by a one-time-only hydrothermal synthesis with a short reaction time of 3 h at 373 K using a gel with the composition Al2O3:SiO2:Na2O:H2O = 1:2:2:120 (in moles) and porous α-alumina support tubes seeded with zeolite NaA crystals. A dense intergrown zeolite crystal layer of about 30 μm in thickness was formed on the outer surface. The zeolite NaA membranes were highly permeable to water vapor but impermeable to every gas unless dried completely. The completely dried membranes displayed gas permeation behavior attributed to Knudsen diffusion, indicating the presence of interstitial spaces between the zeolite crystal particles, or nonzeolitic pores. The membranes displayed excellent water-permselective performance in pervaporation (PV) and vapor permeation (VP) toward water/organic liquid mixtures. With an increase in temperature, both the permeation flux Q and the separation factor α increased, and the membrane performance was much better for VP than for PV. ...

Hidetoshi Kita

Papers

The first large-scale pervaporation plant using tubular-type module with zeolite NaA membrane

Novel Sulfonated Polyimides as Polyelectrolytes for Fuel Cell Application. 1. Synthesis, Proton Conductivity, and Water Stability of Polyimides from 4,4‘-Diaminodiphenyl Ether-2,2‘-disulfonic Acid

Novel sulfonated polyimides as polyelectrolytes for fuel cell application. 2. Synthesis and proton conductivity of polyimides from 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene-2,7-disulfonic acid

Zeolite NaA Membrane: Preparation, Single-Gas Permeation, and Pervaporation and Vapor Permeation of Water/Organic Liquid Mixtures

Tubular-type pervaporation module with zeolite NaA membrane☆