In what case do you like reading so much? What about the type of the guide to clinical preventive services book? The needs to read? Well, everybody has their own reason why should read some books. Mostly, it will relate to their necessity to get knowledge from the book and want to read just to get entertainment. Novels, story book, and other entertaining books become so popular this day. Besides, the scientific books will also be the best reason to choose, especially for the students, teachers, doctors, businessman, and other professions who are fond of reading.

Guide to Clinical Preventive Services

How Voters Decide: Information Processing During Election Campaigns byRichard R. Lau and David Redlawsk

Retrospective Voting in American National Elections.

A case study of a workplace wellness program that offers financial incentives for weight loss

Adult obesity is a growing problem. From 1962 to 2006, obesity prevalence nearly tripled to 35.1 percent of adults. The rising prevalence of obesity is not limited to a particular socioeconomic group and is not unique to the United States. Should this widespread obesity epidemic be a cause for alarm? From a personal health perspective, the answer is an emphatic "yes." But when it comes to justifications of public policy for reducing obesity, the analysis becomes more complex. A common starting point is the assertion that those who are obese impose higher health costs on the rest of the population—a statement which is then taken to justify public policy interventions. But the question of who pays for obesity is an empirical one, and it involves analysis of how obese people fare in labor markets and health insurance markets. We will argue that the existing literature on these topics suggests that obese people on average do bear the costs and benefits of their eating and exercise habits. We begin by estimating the lifetime costs of obesity. We then discuss the extent to which private health insurance pools together obese and thin, whether health insurance causes obesity, and whether being fat might actually cause positive externalities for those who are not obese. If public policy to reduce obesity is not justified on the grounds of external costs imposed on others, then the remaining potential justification would need to be on the basis of helping people to address problems of ignorance or self-control that lead to obesity. In the conclusion, we offer a few thoughts about some complexities of such a justification.

Who Pays for Obesity

Obesity and overweight are linked to diseases that cost society a significant amount of resources. While behavior modification can reduce the problem, instigating such lifestyle changes is an uneasy task. One potential way to reduce the problem is through the use of financial incentives. In this survey, we review the available evidence, properly emphasizing studies that credibly yield meaningful estimates of the effect of financial incentives on weight loss. We find that the scientific literature on the subject has not yet satisfactorily settled whether such a mechanism is effective at eliciting the desired behavioral and health outcomes. We therefore advocate a rigorous large-scale randomized experiment to provide reliable estimates of the effect.

/pdf/the-causal-link-between-financial-incentives-and-weight-loss-4cek9angs3.pdf

The causal link between financial incentives and weight loss: an evidence‐based survey of the literature

Obesity and overweight are linked to diseases that cost society a significant amount of resources. While behavior modification can reduce the problem, instigating such lifestyle changes is an uneasy task. One potential way to reduce the problem is through the use of financial incentives. In this survey, we review the available evidence with a significant emphasis on studies that yield credible estimates of the effect of financial incentives on weight loss. We find that the scientific literature on the subject has not yet satisfactorily settled whether such a mechanism is effective at eliciting the desired behavioral and health outcomes. We therefore advocate a rigorous large-scalerandomized experiment to provide reliable estimates of the effect.

The Causal Link between Financial Incentives and Weight Loss

This paper combines two important findings from research on how voters and parties interact: Firstly, it acknowledges that voters possess different decision making mechanisms: Instead of weighing the parties' policy promises, they might also vote based on past performance or the personal qualities of party leaders. Secondly, it incorporates empirical findings challenging a prominent device by which party-voter linkages are modeled, i.e. the left-right scheme. Modern party systems have been shown to vary in the number of dimensions parties compete on. We model how voters aggregate issues into party rankings, assuming that voters switch decision making mechanisms contingent on their heuristic value, and develop hypotheses on how issue diversity in party competition influences voter heuristic use.

/pdf/party-competition-and-voter-decision-making-16q200tdhf.pdf

Party competition and voter decision-making

There is a wide selection of theoretical approaches to explain preferences citizens have for political parties, among them the spatial model of party competition in which voters choose based on proximity in a policy space, such as the left-right dimension. However, it has not ultimately prevailed against its competitors. Thus, a literature has emerged that allows for heterogeneity, asking whose preferences follow this logic and whose do not. However, research on how context affects spatial structuring is still sparse. Therefore, I combine CSES survey data with manifesto data in a sample of established democracies to examine the effects of party competition structure, measured by the “effective” number of parties and the polarization and dimensionality of party positions, on left-right structuration of party preferences in a single model. While I do not find significant context effects with a conventional measure of proximity voting, I propose a different operationalization which shows that while there are systematic effects of the party system, party preferences are mostly quite strongly structured by the left–right dimension.

Holger Reinermann

Papers

The causal link between financial incentives and weight loss: an evidence‐based survey of the literature

The Causal Link between Financial Incentives and Weight Loss

Party competition and voter decision-making

Party competition and the structuring of party preferences by the left-right dimension