We investigate conditions sufficient for identification of average treatment effects using instrumental variables. First we show that the existence of valid instruments is not sufficient to identify any meaningful average treatment effect. We then establish that the combination of an instrument and a condition on the relation between the instrument and the participation status is sufficient for identification of a local average treatment effect for those who can be induced to change their participation status by changing the value of the instrument. Finally we derive the probability limit of the standard IV estimator under these conditions. It is seen to be a weighted average of local average treatment effects.

Evolution and Rationality Some Recent Game-Theoretic Results. Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects

http://www.antoniocasella.eu/salute/lancet_crisis_health_27mar13.pdf

Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe

A textbook of family medicine

In what case do you like reading so much? What about the type of the guide to clinical preventive services book? The needs to read? Well, everybody has their own reason why should read some books. Mostly, it will relate to their necessity to get knowledge from the book and want to read just to get entertainment. Novels, story book, and other entertaining books become so popular this day. Besides, the scientific books will also be the best reason to choose, especially for the students, teachers, doctors, businessman, and other professions who are fond of reading.

Guide to Clinical Preventive Services

In 1963, fire claimed more than 60 lives in an Indiana nursing home. The disaster initiated what became persistent congressional investigations of far more than fire safety: attention turned to the nature of nursing facilities, the quality of care, private ownership, public regulation, and methods of payment. Medicare and Medicaid programs, enacted in 1965, established the safety and performance of nursing homes as federal as well as state responsibilities. Later legislation carried forward the attempt to define the care-giving and residential characteristics of homes-with-nursing, evolving from typically small, mom-and-pop units into larger for-profit facilities grouped in chains. Nonprofit homes with community or religious sponsorship form a minority of the nursing home industry. Few regulatory issues have been more vexatious than the attempt to secure the well-being, care, and safety of the frail residents. Again and again, widespread deficiencies have been found, testifying to regulatory inadequacies and refractory underlying conflicts, some

Improving the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes

Das vorliegende Papier untersucht den Effekt von Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit auf die psychische Gesundheit. Im Gegensatz zu fruheren Untersuchungen wird dabei nicht nur tatsachlicher Arbeitsplatzverlust betrachtet, sondern der Effekt subjektiver Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit ins Zentrum der Analyse geruckt. Damit wird ein breiteres Spektrum moglicher Effekte von Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit auf die mentale Gesundheit beleuchtet. Die empirische Analyse von Paneldaten aus Deutschland, die unternehmensspezifischen Arbeitsplatzabbau als exogene Determinante subjektiver Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit nutzt, zeigt dass vermehrte Furcht vor Arbeitsplatz eine deutlich verschlechterte psychischen Gesundheit nach sich zieht. Die Ergebnisse von Quantilsregressionen deuten zudem darauf hin, dass sich Jobangst in besonderem Mase negativ auf Arbeitnehmer auswirkt, deren mentaler Gesundheitszustand bereits angegriffen ist.

/pdf/the-causal-impact-of-fear-of-unemployment-on-psychological-qir4w6hgiv.pdf

The Causal Impact of Fear of Unemployment on Psychological Health

We examine the link between workforce reduction, subjective job insecurity, and mental health using individual level panel data for private-sector employees in Germany We first estimate the effect of firm-level workforce reductions on mental health, finding a strong, negative, and statistically significant relationship We then extensively examine the role of subjective job insecurity as mediating variable and its importance relative to other possible channels for the effect of workforce reduction on mental health Eventually, as an extension to our analysis, we use life satisfaction as alternative outcome variable

/pdf/workforce-reduction-subjective-job-insecurity-and-mental-4hhy1533zf.pdf

Workforce reduction, subjective job insecurity, and mental health

Obesity and overweight are linked to diseases that cost society a significant amount of resources. While behavior modification can reduce the problem, instigating such lifestyle changes is an uneasy task. One potential way to reduce the problem is through the use of financial incentives. In this survey, we review the available evidence, properly emphasizing studies that credibly yield meaningful estimates of the effect of financial incentives on weight loss. We find that the scientific literature on the subject has not yet satisfactorily settled whether such a mechanism is effective at eliciting the desired behavioral and health outcomes. We therefore advocate a rigorous large-scale randomized experiment to provide reliable estimates of the effect.

/pdf/the-causal-link-between-financial-incentives-and-weight-loss-4cek9angs3.pdf

The causal link between financial incentives and weight loss: an evidence‐based survey of the literature

https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1885&context=buspapers

Who responds to financial incentives for weight loss? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial.

This study presents credible estimates for the causal effect of BMI growth on employment among the obese. By exploring random assignment of a weight-loss intervention based on monetary rewards, I provide convincing evidence that weight loss positively affects the employment prospects of obese women but not of obese men. Consistent with this, significant effects of weight loss on proxy variables for labor productivity are found only for obese women.

/pdf/obesity-weight-loss-and-employment-prospects-evidence-from-a-uw679ikkta.pdf

Arndt R. Reichert

Papers

The Causal Impact of Fear of Unemployment on Psychological Health

Workforce reduction, subjective job insecurity, and mental health

The causal link between financial incentives and weight loss: an evidence‐based survey of the literature

Who responds to financial incentives for weight loss? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial.

Obesity, Weight Loss, and Employment Prospects: Evidence from a Randomized Trial