/pdf/advances-in-transition-metal-pd-ni-fe-catalyzed-cross-46kfk7jmlm.pdf

Advances in transition metal (Pd, Ni, Fe)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions using alkyl-organometallics as reaction partners.

In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping ...

Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials

Increased understanding of the important roles that oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates play in biological processes has led to a demand for significant amounts of these materials for biological, medicinal, and pharmacological studies. Therefore, tremendous effort has been made to develop new procedures for the synthesis of glycosides, whereby the main focus is often the formation of the glycosidic bonds. Accordingly, quite a few review articles have been published over the past few years on glycoside synthesis; however, most are confined to either a specific type of glycoside or a specific strategy for glycoside synthesis. In this Review, new principles for the formation of glycoside bonds are discussed. Developments, mainly in the last ten years, that have led to significant advances in oligosaccharide and glycoconjugate synthesis have been compiled and are evaluated.

New principles for glycoside-bond formation.

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Biosynthesis and mode of action of lantibiotics.

Glycopeptide and Lipoglycopeptide Antibiotics

A highly stereoselective palladium-catalyzed O-glycosylation reaction is described. The reaction of a glycal 3-acetate or carbonate with the zinc(II) alkoxide of acceptors establishes the glycosidic linkage under palladium catalysis to give rise to disaccharides as the product in good yields and with high stereoselectivity. In contrast to the Lewis acid mediated Ferrier procedure, the anomeric stereochemistry of this reaction is controlled by the employed ligand. Whereas the use of a complex of palladium acetate and 2-di(tert-butyl)phosphinobiphenyl as the catalyst results in the exclusive beta-glycoside formation, the same reaction using trimethyl phosphite ligand furnishes an alpha-anomer as the major product. The utility of the 2,3-unsaturation present in the resulting glycoside is demonstrated by the further transformations such as dihydroxylation, hydration, and hydrogenation reactions. Thus, the combination of the glycosylation and subsequent functionalization provides a novel entry to saccharides which are otherwise difficult to prepare. The broad scope of the process, mildness of the reaction conditions, and experimental simplicity should make this method a useful tool in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry.

Stereoselective palladium-catalyzed O-glycosylation using glycals

Kendomycin, also known as (-)-TAN 2162, is a novel polyketide-derived ansamycin isolated from Streptomyces sp., which exhibits potent antagonist and agonist activities at the endothelin and calcitonin receptors, respectively. This bacterial metabolite also possesses a strong antibiotic activity against a range of gram-positive and -negative bacteria and cytostatic effects on the growth of human cancer cell lines. When a novel macroglycosidation reaction is employed as the key step, the first enantioselective total synthesis of kendomycin has been accomplished. A Friedel-Crafts-type ring closure of the acyclic precursor containing tetrahydropyran and benzofuran moieties produces the macrocycle as a single stereoisomer in good yield, thus establishing the aryl C-glycosidic linkage of the ansa core. This reaction requires a phenolic glycosyl acceptor and appears to proceed through a rapid O-glycosidation followed by a slow rearrangement to an aryl C-glycoside. The requisite secomacrocycle is prepared by the Pd(0)-catalyzed B-alkyl Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of two subunits, which in turn can be expeditiously assembled from readily available building blocks in a modular fashion.

Total synthesis of kendomycin: a macro-C-glycosidation approach.

Bacterial resistance to existing antibiotics poses a serious threat to human health. Because the peptidoglycan layer surrounding bacterial cells is essential for survival, the enzymes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis are attractive targets for the design of new antibiotics. Unfortunately, many of these enzymes are difficult to study because substrates to monitor enzymatic activity are either not available or not soluble under suitable assay conditions. These problems can be solved by utilizing synthetic alternative substrates. We recently reported the synthesis of a soluble substrate analogue for MurG, the enzyme that forms the β-(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide subunit of peptidoglycan. Using this substrate analogue, we have been able to develop a direct assay to monitor the activity of the enzyme. We now report the purification of Escherichia coli MurG and information on its kinetic properties and substrate requirements in the absence of membranes. This work lays the foundat...

The Kinetic Characterization of Escherichia coli MurG Using Synthetic Substrate Analogues

MurG, the last enzyme involved in the intracellular phase of peptidoglycan synthesis, is a membrane-associated glycosyltransferase that couples N-acetyl glucosamine to the C4 hydroxyl of a lipid-linked N-acetyl muramic acid derivative (lipid I) to form the beta-linked disaccharide (lipid II) that is the minimal subunit of peptidoglycan. Lipid I is anchored to the bacterial membrane by a 55 carbon undecaprenyl chain. Because this long lipid chain impedes kinetic analysis of MurG, we have been investigating alternative substrates containing shortened lipid chains. We now describe the intrinsic lipid preferences of MurG and show that the optimal substrate for MurG in the absence of membranes is not the natural substrate. Thus, while the undecaprenyl carrier lipid may be critical for certain steps in the biosynthetic pathway to peptidoglycan, it is not required-in fact, is not preferred-by MurG. Using synthetic substrate analogues and products containing different length lipid chains, as well as a synthetic dead-end acceptor analogue, we have also shown that MurG follows a compulsory ordered Bi Bi mechanism in which the donor sugar binds first. This information should facilitate obtaining crystals of MurG with substrates bound, an important goal because MurG belongs to a major superfamily of NDP-glycosyltransferases for which no structures containing intact substrates have yet been solved.

Hongbin Men

Papers

Stereoselective palladium-catalyzed O-glycosylation using glycals

Total synthesis of kendomycin: a macro-C-glycosidation approach.

The Kinetic Characterization of Escherichia coli MurG Using Synthetic Substrate Analogues

Intrinsic lipid preferences and kinetic mechanism of Escherichia coli MurG.

A New Mechanism of Action Proposed for Ramoplanin