I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

中枢神経系疾患の治療は正常細胞（ニューロン）の機能維持を目的とするが，脳血管障害のように機能障害の原因が細胞の死滅に基づくことは多い．一方，脳腫瘍の治療においては薬物療法や放射線療法といった腫瘍細胞の死滅を目標とするものが大きな位置を占める．いずれの場合にも，細胞死の機序を理解することは各種病態や治療法の理解のうえで重要である．現在のところ最も研究の進んでいる細胞死の型はアポトーシスである．そのなかで重要な位置を占めるミトコンドリアにおける反応および抗アポトーシス因子について概要を紹介する．

Neuroscience 細胞死：最近の知見

We study the effects of electrical and chemical autapse on the temporal coherence or firing regularity of single stochastic Hodgkin-Huxley neurons and scale-free neuronal networks. Also, we study the effects of chemical autapse on the occurrence of spatial synchronization in scale-free neuronal networks. Irrespective of the type of autapse, we observe autaptic time delay induced multiple coherence resonance for appropriately tuned autaptic conductance levels in single neurons. More precisely, we show that in the presence of an electrical autapse, there is an optimal intensity of channel noise inducing the multiple coherence resonance, whereas in the presence of chemical autapse the occurrence of multiple coherence resonance is less sensitive to the channel noise intensity. At the network level, we find autaptic time delay induced multiple coherence resonance and synchronization transitions, occurring at approximately the same delay lengths. We show that these two phenomena can arise only at a specific range of the coupling strength, and that they can be observed independently of the average degree of the network.

/pdf/autapse-induced-multiple-coherence-resonance-in-single-2mt5ry7udf.pdf

Autapse-induced multiple coherence resonance in single neurons and neuronal networks.

Synapse plays an important role in signal exchange and information encoding between neurons. Electric and chemical synapses are often used to investigate the synchronization in electrical activities of neurons. In this paper, memristor is used to connect two neurons and the phase synchronization in electrical activities is discussed. Inter-spike interval (ISI) is calculated from the sampled time series for membrane potential, and the dependence of coupling intensity on phase synchronization of neuron is investigated and the effect of electromagnetic induction is considered. Furthermore, the synchronization stability of network is detected under noise; a statistical synchronization factor is also calculated. It is found synchronization can be enhanced under memristor coupling and appropriate noise is also helpful for synchronization stability.

Synchronization between neurons coupled by memristor

Autapse connected to the neuron can change the electric activity of neuron. The effect of autapse on neuronal activity is often described by adding an additive forcing current along a close loop, which is described by a time-delayed feedback on the membrane potential. Neuron often responds to electric autapse forcing sensitively and quickly, while the chemical autapse changes the electric activity of neuron slowly. By applying external forcing, a shift transition of electric activity can be more easily induced by the electric autapse than the chemical autapse. Our results confirm that chemical autapse can enhance and/or suppress the transition of electric activity with excitable or inhibitory type driven by electric autapse, vice versa. It indicates that an appropriate switch-off-on for autapse can make the neuron give different types of response to external forcing. Particularly, cooperation and competition between chemical and electric autapse help neuron response to external forcing in the most reliable way.

Transition of electric activity of neurons induced by chemical and electric autapses

http://www.matjazperc.com/publications/CommunNonlinearSciNumerSimulat_17_3979.pdf

Multiple firing coherence resonances in excitatory and inhibitory coupled neurons

http://www.matjazperc.com/publications/CommunNonlinearSciNumerSimulat_18_601.pdf

Synaptic plasticity induced transition of spike propagation in neuronal networks

We study the effect of heterogeneous neuron and information transmission delay on stochastic resonance of scale-free neuronal networks. For this purpose, we introduce the heterogeneity to the specified neuron with the highest degree. It is shown that in the absence of delay, an intermediate noise level can optimally assist spike firings of collective neurons so as to achieve stochastic resonance on scale-free neuronal networks for small and intermediate αh, which plays a heterogeneous role. Maxima of stochastic resonance measure are enhanced as αh increases, which implies that the heterogeneity can improve stochastic resonance. However, as αh is beyond a certain large value, no obvious stochastic resonance can be observed. If the information transmission delay is introduced to neuronal networks, stochastic resonance is dramatically affected. In particular, the tuned information transmission delay can induce multiple stochastic resonance, which can be manifested as well-expressed maximum in the measure for stochastic resonance, appearing every multiple of one half of the subthreshold stimulus period. Furthermore, we can observe that stochastic resonance at odd multiple of one half of the subthreshold stimulus period is subharmonic, as opposed to the case of even multiple of one half of the subthreshold stimulus period. More interestingly, multiple stochastic resonance can also be improved by the suitable heterogeneous neuron. Presented results can provide good insights into the understanding of the heterogeneous neuron and information transmission delay on realistic neuronal networks.

Effect of the heterogeneous neuron and information transmission delay on stochastic resonance of neuronal networks.

We study the evolution of spatiotemporal dynamics and transition of clustering firing synchronization on spiking Hodgkin-Huxley neuronal networks as information transmission delay and the periodic stimulus are varied. In particular, it is shown that the tuned information transmission delay can induce a clustering anti-phase synchronization transition with the pacemaker, where two equal clusters can alternatively synchronize in anti-phase firing. More interestingly, we show that the periodic stimulus can drive the delay-induced clustering anti-phase firing synchronization bifurcate to the collective perfect synchronization, which is routed by the complex process including collective chaotic firings and clustering out-of-phase synchronization of the neuronal networks. In addition, the periodic stimulus induced clustering firings of the spiking neuronal networks are robust to the connectivity probability of small world networks. Furthermore, the different stimulus frequency induced complexity is also investigated. We hope that the results of this paper can provide insights that could facilitate the understanding of the joint impact of information transmission delays and periodic stimulus on controlling dynamical behaviors of realistic neuronal networks.

Stimulus-induced transition of clustering firings in neuronal networks with information transmission delay

Experimental studies have shown that neuron population located in the basal ganglia of parkinsonian primates can exhibit characteristic firings with certain firing rates differing from normal brain activities. Motivated by recent experimental findings, we investigate the effects of various stimulation paradigms on the firing rates of parkinsonism based on the proposed dynamical models. Our results show that the closed-loop deep brain stimulation is superior in ameliorating the firing behaviors of the parkinsonism, and other control strategies have similar effects according to the observation of electrophysiological experiments. In addition, in conformity to physiological experiments, we found that there exists optimal delay of input in the closed-loop GPtrain|M1 paradigm, where more normal behaviors can be obtained. More interestingly, we observed that W-shaped curves of the firing rates always appear as stimulus delay varies. We furthermore verify the robustness of the obtained results by studying three pallidal discharge rates of the parkinsonism based on the conductance-based model, as well as the integrate-and-fire-or-burst model. Finally, we show that short-term plasticity can improve the firing rates and optimize the control effects on parkinsonism. Our conclusions may give more theoretical insight into Parkinson's disease studies.

Honghui Zhang

Papers

Multiple firing coherence resonances in excitatory and inhibitory coupled neurons

Synaptic plasticity induced transition of spike propagation in neuronal networks

Effect of the heterogeneous neuron and information transmission delay on stochastic resonance of neuronal networks.

Stimulus-induced transition of clustering firings in neuronal networks with information transmission delay

Control effects of stimulus paradigms on characteristic firings of parkinsonism